ArticlePLoS pathogens2013
Group 2 innate lymphoid cell production of IL-5 is regulated by NKT cells during influenza virus infection.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Innate Lymphoid Cells Activation and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Human Dengue Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Using interpretable machine learning models to predict the occurrence of severe influenza in hospitalized children: a retrospective cohort study.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- E protein-driven iNKT subset modulation shapes early immune responses during influenza A virus infection.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- The Role of the IL-33/ST2 Axis in Nervous System Development and Diseases.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Mucosal Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells and Reprogramming Under IL-4Rα Blockade.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrating Transcriptomic Data and Mendelian Randomization Analyses Reveals Potentially Novel Sepsis-related Targets.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- A New Perspective on Nasal Microbiota Dysbiosis-Mediated Allergic Rhinitis: From the Mechanism of Immune Microenvironment Remodeling to Microbiota-Targeted Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Dendritic Cells and Their Crucial Role in Modulating Innate Lymphoid Cells for Treating and Preventing Infectious Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- ILC2 Diversity, Location, and Function in Pulmonary Disease.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Anti-IL-5 treatment, but not neutrophil interference, attenuates inflammation in a mixed granulocytic asthma mouse model, elicited by air pollution.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Tissue-resident immune cells: from defining characteristics to roles in diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Ally, adversary, or arbitrator? The context-dependent role of eosinophils in vaccination for respiratory viruses and subsequent breakthrough infections.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Review
- Comprehensive Analysis of Soluble Mediator Profiles in Congenital CMV Infection Using an MCMV Model.Viruses · 2024Article
- Regulatory T cell-derived IL-1Ra suppresses the innate response to respiratory viral infection.Nature immunology · 2023Article
- Versatile roles of innate lymphoid cells at the mucosal barrier: from homeostasis to pathological inflammation.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2023Review
- The modulation of pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cell function in asthma: from inflammatory mediators to environmental and metabolic factors.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Interferons as negative regulators of ILC2s in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Review
- Allergen protease-activated stress granule assembly and gasdermin D fragmentation control interleukin-33 secretion.Nature immunology · 2022Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as influenza, typically induce a robust type I (pro-inflammatory cytokine) immune response, however, the production of type 2 cytokines has been observed. Type 2 cytokine production during respiratory virus infection is linked to asthma exacerbation; however, type 2 cytokines may also be tissue protective. Interleukin (IL)-5 is a prototypical type 2 cytokine that is essential for eosinophil maturation and egress out of the bone marrow. However, little is known about the cellular source and underlying cellular and molecular basis for the regulation of IL-5 production during respiratory virus infection. Using a mouse model of influenza virus infection, we found a robust transient release of IL-5 into infected airways along with a significant and progressive accumulation of eosinophils into the lungs, particularly during the recovery phase of infection, i.e. following virus clearance. The cellular source of the IL-5 was group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) infiltrating the infected lungs. Interestingly, the progressive accumulation of eosinophils following virus clearance is reflected in the rapid expansion of c-kit⁺ IL-5 producing ILC2. We further demonstrate that the enhanced capacity for IL-5 production by ILC2 during recovery is concomitant with the enhanced expression of the IL-33 receptor subunit, ST2, by ILC2. Lastly, we show that NKT cells, as well as alveolar macrophages (AM), are endogenous sources of IL-33 that enhance IL-5 production from ILC2. Collectively, these results reveal that c-kit⁺ ILC2 interaction with IL-33 producing NKT and AM leads to abundant production of IL-5 by ILC2 and accounts for the accumulation of eosinophils observed during the recovery phase of influenza infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.