SynthesisPLoS medicine2013
Current and former smoking and risk for venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PLoS medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Alcohol Consumption and Risk for Venous Thromboembolism: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Association of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors With Venous Thromboembolism: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Circulation · 2017Pooled it
- The impact of JAK2V617F mutation on different types of thrombosis risk in patients with essential thrombocythemia: a meta-analysis.International journal of hematology · 2015Pooled it
- Associations between intimate partner violence and health among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Potential effects of icosapent ethyl on cardiovascular outcomes in cigarette smokers: REDUCE-IT smoking.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2023Trial
- Risk Factors for Preoperative DVT in Elderly Patients with Hip Fractures.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A Primer on Abdominoplasty Safety.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Venous thromboembolism following surgery for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Cannabis and nicotine use are independently associated with adverse surgical, medical, and psychosocial outcomes following upper extremity fracture fixation.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Triglyceride-glucose body mass index and risk of incident venous thromboembolism: a prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Preoperative deep vein thrombosis in tibial plateau fractures: development and internal validation of an interpretable multivariable machine-learning diagnostic model.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Venous thromboembolism and 20-year cancer risk: a Danish population-based cohort study.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Increased risk of thromboembolism in patients with anorexia nervosa: a Danish nationwide registry-based study.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- The correlation between smoking and preoperative deep venous thrombosis after hip fracture in geriatric patients: a propensity score-matched study.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Inflammation-A Link Between Arterial Atherosclerotic and Venous Thromboembolic Diseases.Cells · 2025Review
- Residual Vein Thrombosis After Deep Vein Thrombosis in Patients Treated with DOACs: Incidence and Associated Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Implementing Robotic Gynecologic Surgery: Early Outcomes From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Portugal.Cureus · 2025Article
- Appropriate target range of INR and predictive factors of recurrent thrombosis and bleeding in patients with venous thromboembolism on warfarin.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Thrombotic Venopathy.Cureus · 2025Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoking is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerotic disease, but its role as an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize all published prospective studies and case-control studies to update the risk for VTE in smokers and determine whether a dose-response relationship exists. METHODS AND
findingsWe performed a literature search using MEDLINE (source PubMed, January 1, 1966 to June 15, 2013) and EMBASE (January 1, 1980 to June 15, 2013) with no restrictions. Pooled effect estimates were obtained by using random-effects meta-analysis. Thirty-two observational studies involving 3,966,184 participants and 35,151 VTE events were identified. Compared with never smokers, the overall combined relative risks (RRs) for developing VTE were 1.17 (95% CI 1.09-1.25) for ever smokers, 1.23 (95% CI 1.14-1.33) for current smokers, and 1.10 (95% CI 1.03-1.17) for former smokers, respectively. The risk increased by 10.2% (95% CI 8.6%-11.8%) for every additional ten cigarettes per day smoked or by 6.1% (95% CI 3.8%-8.5%) for every additional ten pack-years. Analysis of 13 studies adjusted for body mass index (BMI) yielded a relatively higher RR (1.30; 95% CI 1.24-1.37) for current smokers. The population attributable fractions of VTE were 8.7% (95% CI 4.8%-12.3%) for ever smoking, 5.8% (95% CI 3.6%-8.2%) for current smoking, and 2.7% (95% CI 0.8%-4.5%) for former smoking. Smoking was associated with an absolute risk increase of 24.3 (95% CI 15.4-26.7) cases per 100,000 person-years.
conclusionsCigarette smoking is associated with a slightly increased risk for VTE. BMI appears to be a confounding factor in the risk estimates. The relationship between VTE and smoking has clinical relevance with respect to individual screening, risk factor modification, and the primary and secondary prevention of VTE. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.