ReviewVirulence2014
The changing immune system in sepsis: is individualized immuno-modulatory therapy the answer?
Review in Virulence, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 174 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
174 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 313 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies in Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- The Diagnostic Utility of Host RNA Biosignatures in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Critical care explorations · 2025Pooled it
- Dexmedetomidine reduces the inflammation level and morality in adult sepsis: a systemic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prognostic Value of Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Review
- NLRC3 in septic immunosuppression: Variation in expression and mechanisms of mediating immune cell dysfunction (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Diffuse alveolar damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE). Part 2: NCPE apart from ARDS, molecular and cellular consequences of primary injury to the lung interstitium, with comparative immunology of the dog and cat.Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2026Review
- Admission Cytokine Profiling for ICU Mortality Prediction in Heterogeneous Acute Respiratory Failure: An Exploratory Cytokine Profiling Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Treml4 Drives Microglial Activation via the Lyn/Syk/ERK Pathway in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Systematic analysis of programmed cell death-related genes in sepsis reveals immune heterogeneity and enables patient stratification.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles for immunomodulation: Mechanisms and applications.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- CXCL10 rs8878 identifies a genotype-associated immune phenotype linked to T-lymphocyte preservation and survival in sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sepsis Endotypes Defined by Lymphocyte Thresholds and Inflammation Inform Precision Immunomodulation.MedComm · 2026Article
- Systemic inflammation, multi-organ injury, and acute kidney risk in psittacosis pneumonia: a biomarker-driven clinical characterization.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Telodendrimer nanotrap for selective cytokine removal from sepsis patient plasma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sepsis-associated immunosuppression: mechanistic Insights, Biomarkers, and therapeutic perspectives.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- The Role and Research Progress of CD8Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Dynamic changes of natural killer cell immunophenotypes and receptors according to the mortality in the intra-abdominal murine sepsis model.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2025Article
- Inflammatory parameters in the prediction of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: a case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Nanomaterial-based encapsulation of biochemicals for targeted sepsis therapy.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sepsis remains the leading cause of death in most intensive care units. Advances in understanding the immune response to sepsis provide the opportunity to develop more effective therapies. The immune response in sepsis can be characterized by a cytokine-mediated hyper-inflammatory phase, which most patients survive, and a subsequent immune-suppressive phase. Patients fail to eradicate invading pathogens and are susceptible to opportunistic organisms in the hypo-inflammatory phase. Many mechanisms are responsible for sepsis-induced immuno-suppression, including apoptotic depletion of immune cells, increased T regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cellular exhaustion. Currently in clinical trial for sepsis are granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and interferon gamma, immune-therapeutic agents that boost patient immunity. Immuno-adjuvants with promise in clinically relevant animal models of sepsis include anti-programmed cell death-1 and interleukin-7. The future of immune therapy in sepsis will necessitate identification of the immunologic phase using clinical and laboratory parameters as well as biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.