ArticleBMC public health2013
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and socioeconomic variables in a nation undergoing epidemiologic transition.
Article in BMC public health, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Urban environments and obesity in southeast Asia: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
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- A spatiotemporal analysis of the association between carbon productivity, socioeconomics, medical resources and cardiovascular diseases in southeast rural China.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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- The effects ofJournal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2021Article
- Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors: A community-based cross-sectional study in a peri-urban community of Kathmandu, Nepal.Indian heart journal · 2018Article
- Association of job sectors with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and obesity: a cross-sectional study from the Malaysian Cohort (TMC) project.International health · 2018Article
- Patterns of Physical Activity and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- The association between socioeconomic status and subclinical atherosclerosis in a rural Bangladesh population.Preventive medicine · 2017Article
- Rare Copy Number Variants Identified Suggest the Regulating Pathways in Hypertension-Related Left Ventricular Hypertrophy.PloS one · 2016Article
- Body composition indices and predicted cardiovascular disease risk profile among urban dwellers in Malaysia.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Prediction of cardiovascular disease risk among low-income urban dwellers in metropolitan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Prevalence of cardiovascular health risk behaviors in a remote rural community of Sindhuli district, Nepal.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2014Article
- Prevalence and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk factors among the residents of urban community housing projects in Malaysia.BMC public health · 2014Article
- Influence of ethnic background on left atrial markers of inflammation, endothelial function and tissue remodelling.Indian pacing and electrophysiology journalArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) related deaths is not only the prime cause of mortality in the world, it has also continued to increase in the low and middle income countries. Hence, this study examines the relationship between CVD risk factors and socioeconomic variables in Malaysia, which is a rapidly growing middle income nation undergoing epidemiologic transition.
methodsUsing data from 11,959 adults aged 30 years and above, and living in urban and rural areas between 2007 and 2010, this study attempts to examine the prevalence of CVD risk factors, and the association between these factors, and socioeconomic and demographic variables in Malaysia. The socioeconomic and demographic, and anthropometric data was obtained with blood pressure and fasting venous blood for glucose and lipids through a community-based survey.
resultsThe association between CVD risk factors, and education and income was mixed. There was a negative association between smoking and hypertension, and education and income. The association between diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and being overweight with education and income was not clear. More men than women smoked in all education and income groups. The remaining consistent results show that the relationship between smoking, and education and income was obvious and inverse among Malays, others, rural women, Western Peninsular Malaysia (WPM) and Eastern Peninsular Malaysia (EPM). Urban men showed higher prevalence of being overweight than rural men in all education and income categories. Except for those with no education more rural men smoked than urban men. Also, Malay men in all education and income categories showed the highest prevalence of smoking among the ethnic groups.
conclusionsThe association between CVD risk factors and socioeconomic variables should be considered when formulating programmes to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in low and middle income countries. While general awareness programmes should be targeted at all, specific ones should be focused on vulnerable groups, such as, men and rural inhabitants for smoking, Malays for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and Indians and Malays, and respondents from EPM for diabetes.
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