ReviewDrug metabolism reviews2014
The K2/Spice phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products.
Review in Drug metabolism reviews, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Highway to hell or magic smoke? The dose-dependence of ΔLearning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2018Pooled it
- Involvement of CB1R and CB2R Ligands in Sleep Disorders and Addictive Behaviors in the Last 25 Years.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The effects of cannabinoids on the kidney.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2024Review
- Phytocanabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids: from recreational consumption to potential therapeutic use - a review.Frontiers in toxicology · 2024Review
- Toxicity of Synthetic Cannabinoids in K2/Spice: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists are monoamine oxidase-A selective inhibitors.The FEBS journal · 2023Article
- The Dark Side of Cannabidiol: The Unanticipated Social and Clinical Implications of Synthetic ΔCannabis and cannabinoid research · 2023Review
- Metabolites of Synthetic Cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-PINACA Retain Affinity, Act as High Efficacy Agonists and Exhibit Atypical Pharmacodynamic Properties at CB1 Receptors.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2022Article
- Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Links between the Endocannabinoid System and the Kynurenine Pathway in Depression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Acute Pharmacological Effects and Oral Fluid Biomarkers of the Synthetic Cannabinoid UR-144 and THC in Recreational Users.Biology · 2021Article
- Knowledge and perceptions of synthetic cannabinoids among university students in Jordan.PloS one · 2021Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in the Effects of Novel Psychoactive Substances.Brain sciences · 2020Review
- Metabolic Profiling of a CB2 Agonist, AM9338, Using LC-MS and Microcoil-NMR: Identification of a Novel Dihydroxy Adamantyl Metabolite.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Detection Using Fluorescence Spectral Fingerprinting.Analytical chemistry · 2019Article
- A Mechanistic and Pathophysiological Approach for Stroke Associated with Drugs of Abuse.Journal of clinical medicine · 2019Review
- Article
- Methodology for controlled administration of smoked synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073.Neuropharmacology · 2018Article
- Atypical Pharmacodynamic Properties and Metabolic Profile of the Abused Synthetic Cannabinoid AB-PINACA: Potential Contribution to Pronounced Adverse Effects Relative to ΔFrontiers in pharmacology · 2018Article
- Health and Social Problems Associated with Recent Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) Use Amongst Marginalised, Nightlife and Online Users in Six European Countries.International journal of mental health and addiction · 2018Article
- Increases in synthetic cannabinoids-related harms: Results from a longitudinal web-based content analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In 2008, the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) detected unregulated, psychoactive synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) in purportedly all-natural herbal incense products (often known as K2 or Spice) that were being covertly abused as marijuana substitutes. These drugs, which include JWH-018, JWH-073 and CP-47,497, bind and activate the cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R with remarkable potency and efficacy. Serious adverse effects that often require medical attention, including severe cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and psychiatric sequelae, are highly prevalent with SCB abuse. Consequently, progressively restrictive legislation in the US and Europe has banned the distribution, sale and use of prevalent SCBs, initiating cycles in which herbal incense manufacturers replace banned SCBs with newer unregulated SCBs. The contents of the numerous, diverse herbal incense products was unknown when SCB abuse first emerged. Furthermore, the pharmacology of the active components was largely uncharacterized, and confirmation of SCB use was hindered by a lack of known biomarkers. These knowledge gaps prompted scientists across multiple disciplines to rapidly (1) monitor, identify and quantify with chromatography/mass spectrometry the ever-changing contents of herbal incense products, (2) determine the metabolic pathways and major urinary metabolites of several commonly abused SCBs and (3) identify active metabolites that possibly contribute to the severe adverse effect profile of SCBs. This review comprehensively describes the emergence of SCB abuse and provides a historical account of the major case reports, legal decisions and scientific discoveries of the "K2/Spice Phenomenon". Hypotheses concerning potential mechanisms SCB adverse effects are proposed in this review.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.