ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2013
The PAR network: redundancy and robustness in a symmetry-breaking system.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed.
- Persistent cycles and network resilience: a hypernetwork-based framework for temporal graph analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cell cycle oscillations in a polarity network facilitate state switching by morphogenetic cues.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Quantitative perturbation-phenotype maps reveal nonlinear responses underlying robustness of PAR-dependent asymmetric cell division.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Notch Activation in Asymmetrically Dividing Sensory Organ Precursor Cells inCells · 2024Review
- Temporally distinct roles of Aurora A in polarization of the C. elegans zygote.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Artificial cell system as a tool for investigating pattern formation mechanisms of intracellular reaction-diffusion waves.Biophysics and physicobiology · 2024Review
- Temporally distinct roles of Aurora A in polarization of thebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Follicle cell contact maintains main body axis polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte.The Journal of cell biology · 2023Article
- Separable mechanisms drive local and global polarity establishment in the Caenorhabditiselegans intestinal epithelium.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2022Article
- Anterior-posterior pattern formation in ciliates.The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology · 2022Review
- MARK2 regulates directed cell migration through modulation of myosin II contractility and focal adhesion organization.Current biology : CB · 2022Article
- The Drosophila anterior-posterior axis is polarized by asymmetric myosin activation.Current biology : CB · 2022Article
- Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytoplasmic Par-3 that recruits dynein during asymmetric cell division.Science advances · 2021Article
- The Role of Cytoplasmic MEX-5/6 Polarity in Asymmetric Cell Division.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2021Article
- Going with the flow: insights fromPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Review
- Mutual antagonism between Hippo signaling and cyclin E drives intracellular pattern formation.The Journal of cell biology · 2020Article
- Centrosome Aurora A gradient ensures single polarity axis in C. elegans embryos.Biochemical Society transactions · 2020Review
- Article
- Transitions to slow or fast diffusions provide a general property for in-phase or anti-phase polarity in a cell.Journal of mathematical biology · 2020Article
- Geometric cues stabilise long-axis polarisation of PAR protein patterns in C. elegans.Nature communications · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
To become polarized, cells must first 'break symmetry'. Symmetry breaking is the process by which an unpolarized, symmetric cell develops a singularity, often at the cell periphery, that is used to develop a polarity axis. The Caenorhabditis elegans zygote breaks symmetry under the influence of the sperm-donated centrosome, which causes the PAR polarity regulators to sort into distinct anterior and posterior cortical domains. Modelling analyses have shown that cortical flows induced by the centrosome combined with antagonism between anterior and posterior PARs (mutual exclusion) are sufficient, in principle, to break symmetry, provided that anterior and posterior PAR activities are precisely balanced. Experimental evidence indicates, however, that the system is surprisingly robust to changes in cortical flows, mutual exclusion and PAR balance. We suggest that this robustness derives from redundant symmetry-breaking inputs that engage two positive feedback loops mediated by the anterior and posterior PAR proteins. In particular, the PAR-2 feedback loop stabilizes the polarized state by creating a domain where posterior PARs are immune to exclusion by anterior PARs. The two feedback loops in the PAR network share characteristics with the two feedback loops in the Cdc42 polarization network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.