ArticleOptometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry2013
Effects of local myopic defocus on refractive development in monkeys.
Article in Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Myopia Progression in Children Wearing Near Center and Distance Center Multifocals - a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Effectiveness and Safety of Partition Multi-point Defocused Myopia Management Spectacle Lens in Myopia Control Compared With Spectacle Lenses With Aspherical Lenslets: a Randomised Non-inferiority Trial
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Benefits and risks of orthokeratology treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Interaction of retinal electrophysiology and novel orthokeratology lens use on myopia control efficacy in children.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2025Trial
- Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Spectacle Lenses Changed the Relative Peripheral Refraction: A 2-Year Randomized Clinical Trial.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Trial
- Eight-Year Post-Trial Outcomes of a Two-Year Clinical Trial of DIMS Spectacle Lenses.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Analysis of the impact of FS-LASIK on peripheral retinal defocus and its influencing factors in myopic adults.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Spectacle Lenses for Myopia Control: Optical Designs, Mechanisms, and Clinical Efficacy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Radiometric and safety assessment of a 'low-level red-light' myopia control device.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Accommodative behaviour and retinal defocus of children during prolonged viewing of electronic devices while wearing dual-focus myopia control soft contact lenses.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Effect of spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets on changes in peripheral eye length and asymmetry.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- IMI-Instrumentation for Myopia Management.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Association between myopia and relative peripheral refraction in children with monocular Tilted disc syndrome.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Experimental and modeling analysis of lenses with concentric cylindrical annular refractive elements: impact on peripheral imaging.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Correlation Between Relative Peripheral Refraction and Efficacy of Myopia Control After Wearing Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses in Children.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Article
- Myopia control efficacy of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses in children and adolescents: a Meta-analysis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Repeatability and agreement of multispectral refraction topography in school children before and after cycloplegia.Biomedical engineering online · 2024Article
- Retinoscopes: Past and present.World journal of methodology · 2024Article
- Assessment of OCT-Based Macular Curvature and Its Relationship with Macular Microvasculature in Children with Anisomyopia.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Myopia Control: Are We Ready for an Evidence Based Approach?Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Review
- Article
- Size of living space as a moderator for central and peripheral refractions in children.Scientific reports · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeVisual signals that produce myopia are mediated by local, regionally selective mechanisms. However, little is known about spatial integration for signals that slow eye growth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of myopic defocus are integrated in a local manner in primates.
methodsBeginning at 24 ± 2 days of age, seven rhesus monkeys were reared with monocular spectacles that produced 3 diopters (D) of relative myopic defocus in the nasal visual field of the treated eye but allowed unrestricted vision in the temporal field (NF monkeys). Seven monkeys were reared with monocular +3 D lenses that produced relative myopic defocus across the entire field of view (FF monkeys). Comparison data from previous studies were available for 11 control monkeys, 8 monkeys that experienced 3 D of hyperopic defocus in the nasal field, and 6 monkeys exposed to 3 D of hyperopic defocus across the entire field. Refractive development, corneal power, and axial dimensions were assessed at 2- to 4-week intervals using retinoscopy, keratometry, and ultrasonography, respectively. Eye shape was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging.
resultsIn response to full-field myopic defocus, the FF monkeys developed compensating hyperopic anisometropia, the degree of which was relatively constant across the horizontal meridian. In contrast, the NF monkeys exhibited compensating hyperopic changes in refractive error that were greatest in the nasal visual field. The changes in the pattern of peripheral refractions in the NF monkeys reflected interocular differences in vitreous chamber shape.
conclusionsAs with form deprivation and hyperopic defocus, the effects of myopic defocus are mediated by mechanisms that integrate visual signals in a local, regionally selective manner in primates. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that peripheral vision can influence eye shape and potentially central refractive error in a manner that is independent of central visual experience.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.