ArticleUrologic oncology2014
Predicting response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
Article in Urologic oncology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictive and prognostic biomarkers of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy failure in bladder cancer patients: A systematic review.Molecular oncology · 2026Review
- Eosinophils in solid cancers: sentinels, predictors, and therapeutic allies.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- Peritumoral Infiltration of Regulatory T Cells Reduces the Therapeutic Efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Therapy for Bladder Carcinoma In Situ.International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association · 2025Article
- Review of BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Temporal dynamics of immune cell patterns in bladder cancer patients receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy.British journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Predicting response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Translational cancer research · 2024Review
- Similar immune responses to alpha1-oleate and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment in patients with bladder cancer.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Immune Predictors of Response after BacillusCancers · 2023Review
- Article
- A Th2-score in the tumor microenvironment as a predictive biomarker of response to Bacillus Calmette Guérin in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma: A retrospective study.Oncology research · 2023Article
- Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer biomarkers beyond morphology.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Eosinophil Knockout Humans: Uncovering the Role of Eosinophils Through Eosinophil-Directed Biological Therapies.Annual review of immunology · 2021Article
- Prediction of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrence during intravesical BCG immunotherapy by use of peripheral blood eosinophil count and percentage: a preliminary report.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2021Article
- Serum CCL27 predicts the response to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2020Article
- Article
- Article
- Modifying the Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Immune Microenvironment for Optimal Therapeutic Response.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Review
- Immunological Hallmarks for Clinical Response to BCG in Bladder Cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Bladder cancer, a unique model to understand cancer immunity and develop immunotherapy approaches.The Journal of pathology · 2019Review
- Prediction of BCG responses in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the era of novel immunotherapeutics.International urology and nephrology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeCurrently, there is no reliable tool to predict response to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Based on the fact that BCG is a Th1-polarizing immunotherapy, we attempt to correlate the pretreatment immunologic tumor microenvironment (Th1 or Th2) with response to therapy. MATERIALS AND
methodsBladder cancer patients with initial diagnosis of carcinoma in situ (Tis) were stratified based on their response to BCG treatment. A total of 38 patients met inclusion criteria (20 patients who responded and 18 patients who did not respond). Immunohistochemical (IHC) methods known to assess the type of immunologic microenvironment (Th1 vs. Th2) were performed on tumor tissue obtained at initial biopsy/resection: the level of tumor eosinophil infiltration and degranulation (Th2 response); the number of tumor-infiltrating GATA-3(+) (Th2-polarized) lymphocytes; and the number of tumor-infiltrating T-bet(+) (Th1-polarized) lymphocytes. Results obtained from these metrics were correlated with response to treatment with BCG immunotherapy.
resultsThe IHC metrics of the tumor immune microenvironment prior to BCG treatment were each statistically significant predictors of responders (R) vs. nonresponders (NR). Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation was higher for R vs. NR: 1.02 ± 0.17 vs. 0.5 ± 0.12 (P = 0.01) and 1.1 ± 0.15 vs. 0.56 ± 0.15 (P = 0.04), respectively. Ratio of GATA-3(+) (Th2-polarized) lymphocytes to T-bet(+) (Th1-polarized) lymphocytes was higher for R vs. NR: 4.85 ± 0.94 vs. 0.98 ± 0.19 (P<0.001). The 3 markers were combined to create a Th2 signature biomarker, which was a statistically significant (P<0.0001) predictor of R vs. NR. All IHC markers demonstrated that a preexisting Th1 immunologic environment within the tumor was predictive of BCG failure.
conclusionThe Th1 vs. Th2 polarization of bladder tumor immune microenvironment prior to treatment with BCG represents a prognostic metric of response to therapy. If a patient has a preexisting Th1 immunologic response within the tumor, there is no value in using a therapy intended to create a Th1 immunologic response. An algorithm integrating 3 IHC methods provided a sensitive and specific technique that may become a useful tool for pathologists and urologists to predict response to BCG in patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
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