Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2013
Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18-39 y.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01631240 (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), which is not on this map. Cited by 96 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Urinary Sodium Calibration Study
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evaluation of three prediction formulas of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Population-level salt intake in the WHO European Region in 2022: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Change in mean salt intake over time using 24-h urine versus overnight and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition journal · 2020Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of Salt and Health Outcomes (June and July 2015).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2016Pooled it
- Nurse-Led Digital Intervention for Sodium Restriction in Chronic Kidney Disease: Mixed Methods Implementation Study.JMIR nursing · 2026Trial
- Sodium Intake and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Individuals With Vascular Disease.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Impact of fractional excretion of sodium on a single morning void urine collection as an estimate of 24-hour urine sodium.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Trial
- Urinary Excretion of Sodium, Nitrogen, and Sugar Amounts Are Valid Biomarkers of Dietary Sodium, Protein, and High Sugar Intake in Nonobese Adolescents.The Journal of nutrition · 2017Trial
- Validation and Assessment of Three Methods to Estimate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples in High-Risk Elder Patients of Stroke from the Rural Areas of Shaanxi Province.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Trial
- Sodium intake and multiple sclerosis activity and progression in BENEFIT.Annals of neurology · 2017Trial
- Salt sales survey: a simplified, cost-effective method to evaluate population salt reduction programs--a cluster-randomized trial.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2016Trial
- Validation and Assessment of Three Methods to Estimate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples in Chinese Adults.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Estimating the population distribution of usual 24-hour sodium excretion from timed urine void specimens using a statistical approach accounting for correlated measurement errors.The Journal of nutrition · 2015Trial
- Practical prediction of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in young people: a new formula derived from Tanaka and INTERSALT formulas.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Associations of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium, Potassium Excretion and Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio With Longitudinal Home Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026Observational
- Appropriate use of spot-urine sodium estimates for population-level and exploratory analyses: a response to Campbell and Cappuccio.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Salt Intake Among the Iranian Population and Public Attitudes Toward Salt Consumption: National and Subnational Report From STEPS 2021.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Genetic Risk for Hypertension Increases the Effect of Salt Intake on the Risk of Incident CKD.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Article
- Adding salt to foods increases the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Estimating sodium and potassium intakes in a Portuguese adult population: can first-morning void urine replace 24-hour urine samples?Journal of nutritional science · 2025Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCollecting a 24-h urine sample is recommended for monitoring the mean population sodium intake, but implementation can be difficult.
objectiveThe objective was to assess the validity of published equations by using spot urinary sodium concentrations to predict 24-h sodium excretion.
designThis was a cross-sectional study, conducted from June to August 2011 in metropolitan Washington, DC, of 407 adults aged 18-39 y, 48% black, who collected each urine void in a separate container for 24 h. Four timed voids (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) were selected from each 24-h collection. Published equations were used to predict 24-h sodium excretion with spot urine by specimen timing and race-sex subgroups. We examined mean differences with measured 24-h sodium excretion (bias) and individual differences with the use of Bland-Altman plots.
resultsAcross equations and specimens, mean bias in predicting 24-h sodium excretion for all participants ranged from -267 to 1300 mg (Kawasaki equation). Bias was least with International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) equations with morning (-165 mg; 95% CI: -295, 36 mg), afternoon (-90 mg; -208, 28 mg), and evening (-120 mg; -230, -11 mg) specimens. With overnight specimens, mean bias was least when the Tanaka (-23 mg; 95% CI: -141, 95 mg) or Mage (-145 mg; -314, 25 mg) equations were used but was statistically significant when using the Tanaka equations among females (216 to 243 mg) and the Mage equations among races other than black (-554 to -372 mg). Significant over- and underprediction occurred across individual sodium excretion concentrations.
conclusionsUsing a single spot urine, INTERSALT equations may provide the least biased information about population mean sodium intakes among young US adults. None of the equations evaluated provided unbiased estimates of individual 24-h sodium excretion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.