Trial reportClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2013
Racial differences in response to antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: an AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) study analysis.
Trial report in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Older African Americans and the HIV Care Continuum: A Systematic Review of the Literature, 2003-2018.AIDS and behavior · 2019Pooled it
- A resiliency intervention adapted for older women with HIV: Results from a pilot randomized controlled trial in the northeastern US.Journal of health psychology · 2025Trial
- Associations of Unmet Food and Housing Needs with Mental Health and Overall Perceived Health Among Women with HIV: Is There a Moderating Effect of Social Support?Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Evaluating Diversity in Randomized Clinical Trials of Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Regimens: Pooled 48-Week Analyses by Race, Sex, and Regional Subgroups.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Generalizing trial evidence to target populations in non-nested designs: Applications to AIDS clinical trials.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics · 2022Article
- HIV: how to manage low-level viraemia in people living with HIV.Drugs in context · 2022Review
- All-cause hospitalization according to demographic group in people living with HIV in the current antiretroviral therapy era.AIDS (London, England) · 2021Article
- Evaluating HIV Viral Rebound Among Persons on Suppressive Antiretroviral Treatment in the Era of "Undetectable Equals Untransmittable (U = U)".Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Black Lives Matter in Science Engineering and Medicine : Cato T. Laurencin, M.D., Ph.D.: Winner of the 2020 Herbert W. Nickens Award of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Acceptance Remarks.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2020Article
- HIV-Related Stigma and Viral Suppression Among African-American Women: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Depression and ART Nonadherence.AIDS and behavior · 2019Article
- Racial Disparities in Virologic Failure and Tolerability During Firstline HIV Antiretroviral Therapy.Open forum infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Evaluating the Population Impact on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV in Adulthood of Intervening on Specific Targets: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Competing subsistence needs are associated with retention in care and detectable viral load among people living with HIV.Journal of HIV/AIDS & social services · 2018Article
- Efavirenz Therapeutic Range in HIV-1 Treatment-Naive Participants.Therapeutic drug monitoring · 2017Article
- Using the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) to optimize an HIV care continuum intervention for vulnerable populations: a study protocol.BMC public health · 2017Article
- Influence of Sex/Gender and Race on Responses to Raltegravir Combined With Tenofovir-Emtricitabine in Treatment-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infected Patients: Pooled Analyses of the STARTMRK and QDMRK Studies.Open forum infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Antiretroviral Therapy: Racial Disparities among Publicly Insured Californians with HIV.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2017Article
- Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Antiretroviral Therapy Prescription and Viral Suppression in the United States, 2009-2013.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Article
- No Evidence That HIV-1 Subtype C Infection Compromises the Efficacy of Tenofovir-Containing Regimens: Cohort Study in the United Kingdom.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Inflammatory and Immune Activation Markers Before and After Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the United States, black individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher rates of virologic failure on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and of death compared to white individuals. The cause for these disparities is uncertain. We sought to examine differences in virologic outcomes among antiretroviral-naive clinical trial participants starting randomized ART and to investigate factors to explain the differences.
methodsIndividual-level data from participants initiating ART in 5 AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies were analyzed. Included studies were those conducted during 1998-2006 with a primary outcome of virologic failure. The primary outcome measure was time to virologic failure, regardless of ART changes.
resultsA total of 2495 individuals (1151 black; 1344 white) were included with a median follow-up of 129 weeks. Compared to whites, blacks had an increased hazard of virologic failure (hazard ratio [HR]; 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-1.9; P < .001), with no evidence of heterogeneity across regimens (P = .97); the association remained after adjustment for measured confounders (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.6; P < .001). Increased hazard of virologic failure was associated with younger age, higher pretreatment HIV type 1 RNA level, lower pretreatment CD4 cell count, hepatitis C antibody, less education, and recent nonadherence to treatment. Sensitivity analyses with different endpoint definitions demonstrated similar results.
conclusionsIn this analysis, blacks had a 40% higher virologic failure risk than whites that was not explained by measured confounders. The observation was consistent over a range of regimens, suggesting that the difference may be driven by social factors; however, biological factors cannot be ruled out. Further research should identify the sources of racial disparities and develop strategies to reduce them.
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