ArticleClinical chemistry2013
Cannabinoids in exhaled breath following controlled administration of smoked cannabis.
Article in Clinical chemistry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis: Impact of Combining Toxicology Testing with Field Sobriety Tests.Clinical chemistry · 2023Trial
- Comment on Deeb et al.: interpretation of breath cannabinoids and implications for impairment.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2026Article
- Simultaneous analysis of Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, CBD, and CBN in breath aerosols collected using cannabix technologies breath collection unit.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2026Article
- Vapor pressure measurements on ΔJournal of breath research · 2026Article
- The detection of cannabinoids in breath after ingestion of cannabis-infused edibles.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2025Article
- Cannabinoids detected in exhaled breath condensate after cannabis use.Journal of breath research · 2024Article
- THC in breath aerosols collected with an impaction filter device before and after legal-market product inhalation-a pilot study.Journal of breath research · 2023Article
- Vapor pressure measurements on linalool using a rapid and inexpensive method suitable for cannabis-associated terpenesJournal of chemical and engineering data · 2023Article
- Review
- Examining impairment and kinetic patterns associated with recent use of hemp-derived ΔJournal of cannabis research · 2022Article
- Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A comprehensive breath test that confirms recent use of inhaled cannabis within the impairment window.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The state of clinical outcome assessments for cannabis use disorder clinical trials: A review and research agenda.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Review
- Electrochemical Oxidation of ΔOrganic letters · 2020Article
- Measuring Within-Individual Cannabis Reduction in Clinical Trials: A Review of the Methodological Challenges.Current addiction reports · 2019Article
- Determination of Cannabinoid Vapor Pressures to Aid in Vapor Phase Detection of Intoxication.Forensic chemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2017Article
- Expanding analytical options in sports drug testing: Mass spectrometric detection of prohibited substances in exhaled breath.Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM · 2017Article
- The Effects of Acute Cannabis Use on Nontraffic Injury Risk: Reviewing the Available Literature and Identifying Ways Forward.Contemporary drug problems · 2017Article
- Establishing legal limits for driving under the influence of marijuana.Injury epidemiology · 2014Review
- In reply.Clinical chemistry · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on byIn reply.2014
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundΔ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), and cannabinol (CBN) were measured in breath following controlled cannabis smoking to characterize the time course and windows of detection of breath cannabinoids.
methodsExhaled breath was collected from chronic (≥4 times per week) and occasional (<twice per week) smokers before and after smoking a 6.8% THC cigarette. Sample analysis included methanol extraction from breath pads, solid-phase extraction, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification.
resultsTHC was the major cannabinoid in breath; no sample contained THCCOOH and only 1 contained CBN. Among chronic smokers (n = 13), all breath samples were positive for THC at 0.89 h, 76.9% at 1.38 h, and 53.8% at 2.38 h, and only 1 sample was positive at 4.2 h after smoking. Among occasional smokers (n = 11), 90.9% of breath samples were THC-positive at 0.95 h and 63.6% at 1.49 h. One occasional smoker had no detectable THC. Analyte recovery from breath pads by methanolic extraction was 84.2%-97.4%. Limits of quantification were 50 pg/pad for THC and CBN and 100 pg/pad for THCCOOH. Solid-phase extraction efficiency was 46.6%-52.1% (THC) and 76.3%-83.8% (THCCOOH, CBN). Matrix effects were -34.6% to 12.3%. Cannabinoids fortified onto breath pads were stable (≤18.2% concentration change) for 8 h at room temperature and -20°C storage for 6 months.
conclusionsBreath may offer an alternative matrix for identifying recent driving under the influence of cannabis, but currently sensitivity is limited to a short detection window (0.5-2 h).
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