ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2013
All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in postmenopausal white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women with and without diabetes in the United States: the Women's Health Initiative, 1993-2009.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estrogen alone and health outcomes in black women by African ancestry: a secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2017Trial
- Kidney Function and Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity in the Women's Health Initiative.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2016Trial
- The Potential Role of Dietary (Poly)phenols in Cardiometabolic Risk During Menopause: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Associations of Cardiocerebrovascular Risks and Exercise according to Menopausal Status in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Current evidence and research gaps in menopause management in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review.Endocrine connections · 2025Review
- Review
- Article
- The interplay between diabetes mellitus and menopause: clinical implications.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2022Review
- Sex differences in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes may explain the stronger impact of diabetes on atherosclerotic heart disease in women.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2019Article
- Sedentary Behavior and Prevalent Diabetes in 6,166 Older Women: The Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2019Article
- Racial Differences in Eating Patterns and Food Purchasing Behaviors among Urban Older Women.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2017Article
- Racial Differences in Misclassification of Healthy Eating Based on Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-Hour Dietary Recalls.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2017Observational
- Comparison of Dietary Quality Assessment Using Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour-recalls in Older Men and Women.AIMS public health · 2017Article
- Impact of incident diabetes on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to statin use history among postmenopausal women.European journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
- Military Generation and Its Relationship to Mortality in Women Veterans in the Women's Health Initiative.The Gerontologist · 2016Observational
- Diabetes-related mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1990-2009.American journal of public health · 2014Article
- Determinants of Successful Weight Loss in Low-Income African American Women: A Positive Deviance Analysis.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Using data from the Women's Health Initiative (1993-2009; n = 158,833 participants, of whom 84.1% were white, 9.2% were black, 4.1% were Hispanic, and 2.6% were Asian), we compared all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in white, black, Hispanic, and Asian postmenopausal women with and without diabetes. Cox proportional hazard models were used for the comparison from which hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed. Within each racial/ethnic subgroup, women with diabetes had an approximately 2-3 times higher risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality than did those without diabetes. However, the hazard ratios for mortality outcomes were not significantly different between racial/ethnic subgroups. Population attributable risk percentages (PARPs) take into account both the prevalence of diabetes and hazard ratios. For all-cause mortality, whites had the lowest PARP (11.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 10.1, 12.1), followed by Asians (12.9, 95% CI: 4.7, 20.9), blacks (19.4, 95% CI: 15.0, 23.7), and Hispanics (23.2, 95% CI: 14.8, 31.2). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to show that hazard ratios for mortality outcomes were not significantly different between racial/ethnic subgroups when stratified by diabetes status. Because of the "amplifying" effect of diabetes prevalence, efforts to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in the rate of death from diabetes should focus on prevention of diabetes.
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