ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Implementation of cell-free biological networks at steady state.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed.
- RNA-Based Communication in Heterogeneous Populations of Cell Mimics.ACS synthetic biology · 2026Article
- Genetically Encoded Control ofACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
- Continuous in situ synthesis of a complete set of tRNAs sustains steady-state translation in a recombinant cell-free system.Nature communications · 2025Article
- ATP Regeneration from Pyruvate in the PURE System.ACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
- Cell-Free Gene Expression: Methods and Applications.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Modular Golden Gate Assembly of Linear DNA Templates for Cell-Free Prototyping.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Membraneless protocell confined by a heat flow.Nature physics · 2025Article
- Review
- Regulatory Components for Bacterial Cell-Free Systems Engineering.ACS synthetic biology · 2024Review
- Large-scale-integration and collective oscillations of 2D artificial cells.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Cell-Free Gene Expression in Bioprinted Fluidic Networks.ACS synthetic biology · 2024Article
- Strategies to Reduce Promoter-Independent Transcription of DNA Nanostructures and Strand Displacement Complexes.ACS synthetic biology · 2024Review
- A genetic circuit on a single DNA molecule as an autonomous dissipative nanodevice.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A cell-free strategy for host-specific profiling of intracellular antibiotic sensitivity and resistance.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2023Article
- The modular biochemical reaction network structure of cellular translation.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2023Article
- On biochemical constructors and synthetic cells.Interface focus · 2023Article
- Noise Minimization in Cell-Free Gene Expression.ACS synthetic biology · 2023Article
- The Long Road to a Synthetic Self-Replicating Central Dogma.Biochemistry · 2023Review
- Bottom-Up Synthetic Biology Using Cell-Free Protein Synthesis.Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology · 2023Review
- What remains from living cells in bacterial lysate-based cell-free systems.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2023Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Living cells maintain a steady state of biochemical reaction rates by exchanging energy and matter with the environment. These exchanges usually do not occur in in vitro systems, which consequently go to chemical equilibrium. This in turn has severely constrained the complexity of biological networks that can be implemented in vitro. We developed nanoliter-scale microfluidic reactors that exchange reagents at dilution rates matching those of dividing bacteria. In these reactors we achieved transcription and translation at steady state for 30 h and implemented diverse regulatory mechanisms on the transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels, including RNA polymerases, transcriptional repression, translational activation, and proteolysis. We constructed and implemented an in vitro genetic oscillator and mapped its phase diagram showing that steady-state conditions were necessary to produce oscillations. This reactor-based approach will allow testing of whether fundamental limits exist to in vitro network complexity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.