ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2013
Association of hormonal contraceptive use with reduced levels of depressive symptoms: a national study of sexually active women in the United States.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of mental health conditions and symptoms on contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women: a scoping review.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Risk of Attempted and Completed Suicide: a Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2020Pooled it
- Postpartum hormonal contraception use and incidence of postpartum depression: a systematic review.The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception · 2019Pooled it
- Effects of three contraceptive methods on depression and sexual function: An ancillary study of the ECHO randomized trial.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2021Trial
- Effects of oral contraceptive pills on mood and magnetic resonance imaging measures of prefrontal cortical thickness.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Qualitative exploration of using hormonal contraception on mental health and wellbeing: Diverse experiences and a call for more support.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Comparison of Dermatologic and Neuropsychological Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives, 2016-2020.Open access journal of contraception · 2026Article
- Research Review: Are sampling biases masking long-term effects of hormonal contraceptive use in adolescence on risk for depression?Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Perceived cognitive functioning difficulties in individuals living with endometriosis.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Anxiety, depression and perseverative cognition in women cycling naturally or taking oral contraceptives - a diary study.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Use of systemic hormonal contraception and risk of depression: a registry-based study from Finland.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Associations between oral hormonal contraceptives and internalising problems in adolescent girls.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- 28 days later: A prospective daily study on psychological well-being across the menstrual cycle and the effects of hormones and oral contraceptives.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Beyond Birth Control: The Neuroscience of Hormonal Contraceptives.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Use of systemic hormonal contraception and risk of attempted suicide: a nested case-control study.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Disparities in the prevalence of suicidal ideation according to oral contraceptive pill use among US women: A cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- An exploratory study on the possible association of serum etonogestrel concentrations with mood concerns and symptoms among contraceptive implant users.Contraception · 2024Article
- On the relation between oral contraceptive use and self-control.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Association of Hormonal Contraceptives with Depression among Women in Reproductive Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Analytic Study.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2024Article
- Current oral contraceptive use affects explicit and implicit measures of depression in women.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
An estimated 80% of sexually active young women in the United States use hormonal contraceptives during their reproductive years. Associations between hormonal contraceptive use and mood disturbances remain understudied, despite the hypothesis that estrogen and progesterone play a role in mood problems. In this study, we used data from 6,654 sexually active nonpregnant women across 4 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994-2008), focusing on women aged 25-34 years. Women were asked about hormonal contraceptive use in the context of a current sexual partnership; thus, contraceptive users were compared with other sexually active women who were using either nonhormonal contraception or no contraception. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. At ages 25-34 years, hormonal contraceptive users had lower mean levels of concurrent depressive symptoms (β = -1.04, 95% confidence interval: -1.73, -0.35) and were less likely to report a past-year suicide attempt (odds ratio = 0.37, 95% confidence interval: 0.14, 0.95) than women using low-efficacy contraception or no contraception, in models adjusted for propensity scores for hormonal contraceptive use. Longitudinal analyses indicated that associations between hormonal contraception and depressive symptoms were stable. Hormonal contraception may reduce levels of depressive symptoms among young women. Systematic investigation of exogenous hormones as a potential preventive factor in psychiatric epidemiology is warranted.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.