Trial reportJournal of the National Cancer Institute2013
Sex hormone levels and risk of breast cancer with estrogen plus progestin.
Trial report in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Royal jelly and its hormonal effects in breast cancer: a literature review.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2024Pooled it
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- Linking Physical Activity to Breast Cancer via Sex Steroid Hormones, Part 2: The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Breast Cancer Risk.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Try113His and His139Arg polymorphisms in the microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene are not associated with risk of breast cancer.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Association of Body Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women With Normal Body Mass Index: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial and Observational Study.JAMA oncology · 2019Trial
- Covariate measurement error correction methods in mediation analysis with failure time data.Biometrics · 2014Trial
- Sex hormone associations with breast cancer risk and the mediation of randomized trial postmenopausal hormone therapy effects.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2014Trial
- The application of mendelian randomization in cancer research: a bibliometric analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Long-Term Cancer Outcomes Following Bariatric Surgery: A Comparative Analysis of Surgical Procedures.Cancers · 2024Article
- The impact of gender on survival outcomes in patients with small intestinal stromal tumors: a comprehensive analysis using the SEER database.Surgical endoscopy · 2024Article
- Association of TNFRSF1A and IFNLR1 Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer and Clinical Pathologic Features.Biochemical genetics · 2021Article
- Considerations in genetic counseling of transgender patients: Cultural competencies and altered disease risk profiles.Journal of genetic counseling · 2021Article
- Combination of Endogenous Estradiol and Adipokine Leptin in Breast Cancer Risk and Prognosis Assessment in Postmenopausal Chinese Women.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- The Survival Advantage of Females at Premenopausal Age Is Race Dependent in Colorectal Cancer.BioMed research international · 2020Article
- Cancer in Transgender People: Evidence and Methodological Considerations.Epidemiologic reviews · 2017Review
- Article
- Effects of statin use on volumetric mammographic density: results from the KARMA study.BMC cancer · 2015Article
- Effects of screening and systemic adjuvant therapy on ER-specific US breast cancer mortality.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough high endogenous sex hormone levels and estrogen plus progestin (E+P) therapy are associated with increased breast cancer risk, it is unknown whether pretreatment levels of sex hormones modify E+P effect on breast cancer.
methodsWe conducted a nested case-control study within the Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trial of E+P. The trial enrolled 16608 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years with intact uterus and no breast cancer history. During a mean of 5.6 years of follow-up, 348 incident breast cancer case subjects were identified and matched with 348 control subjects. Case and control subjects had their sex hormone levels measured at baseline (estrogens, testosterone, progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG]) and year 1 (estrogens and SHBG) using sensitive assays. All statistical tests were two-sided.
resultsStatistically significant elevations in breast cancer risk were seen with greater pretreatment levels of total estradiol (P trend = .04), bioavailable estradiol (P trend = .03), estrone (P trend = .007), and estrone sulfate (P trend = .007). E+P increased all measured estrogens and SHGB at year 1 (all P < .001). The effect of E+P on breast cancer risk was strongest in women whose pretreatment levels of total estradiol, bioavailable estradiol, and estrone were in the lowest quartiles. For example, the odds ratio for E+P relative to placebo was 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28 to 4.79) in the lowest total estradiol quartile, compared with 0.96 (95% CI = 0.44 to 2.09) in the highest total estradiol quartile; P interaction = .04).
conclusionsWomen with lower pr-treatment endogenous estrogen levels were at greater risk of breast cancer during E+P therapy compared with those with higher levels. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.