ArticleBMC infectious diseases2013
First infection by all four non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place during childhood.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- Immunoregulation with mTOR inhibitors to prevent COVID-19 severity: A novel intervention strategy beyond vaccines and specific antiviral medicines.Journal of medical virology · 2020Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 crossreactive B-cells outnumber seasonal coronavirus spike-specific clones at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- A novel chimeric coronavirus spike vaccine combining SARS-CoV-2 RBD and scaffold domains from HKU-1 elicits potent neutralising antibody responses.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- A longitudinal study of antibody responses to endemic HCoV and novel SARS-CoV-2 among mother-child pairs in Zambia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Untreated HIV-1 infection and low CD4+ T cell counts and their effect on endemic human coronavirus (re)infection.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Identification of dominant peptide epitopes and antibody response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Serological analyses against endemic human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults using samples collected before the COVID-19 pandemic.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Utilizing HCoV-OC43 to better understand the neurological impact of COVID-19.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- High transmission of endemic human coronaviruses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents in Cebu, Philippines.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Immunological imprinting of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Coronavirus spike protein-specific antibodies indicate frequent infections and reinfections in infancy and among BNT162b2-vaccinated healthcare workers.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in a health care worker population during the early pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Functional SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive CD4Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Seroprevalence of four endemic human coronaviruses and, reactivity and neutralization capability against SARS-CoV-2 among children in the Philippines.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Review
- Effect of seasonal coronavirus immune imprinting on the immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Early seasonal coronavirus seroconversion did not produce cross-protective SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.The Journal of infection · 2023Article
- Repertoires of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes targeted by antibodies vary according to severity of COVID-19.Virulence · 2022Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNon-severe acute respiratory syndrome (non-SARS)-related human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including HCoV-229E, -HKU1, -NL63, and -OC43, have been detected in respiratory tract samples from children and adults. However, the natural prevalence of antibodies against these viruses in serum among population is unknown.
methodsTo measure antibodies to the spike (S) protein of the four common non-SARS HCoVs, recombinant S proteins of the four HCoVs were expressed and characterised in 293 T cell. An S-protein-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was then developed to detect anti-S IgG and IgM for the four individual HCoVs and applied to serum samples from a general asymptomatic population (218 children and 576 adults) in Beijing.
resultsOf 794 blood samples tested, only 29 (3.65%) were negative for anti-S IgG. The seropositivity of the four anti-S IgG antibodies was >70% within the general population. The majority of seroconversions to four-HCoV positivity first occurred in children. Both S-IgG and S-IgM antibodies were detectable among children and increased with age, reaching a plateau at 6 years of age. However, no anti-S IgM was detected in healthy adults.
conclusionLarge proportions of children and adults in Beijing have evidence of anti-S IgG against four the HCoVs, and first infections by all four non-SARS HCoVs takes place during childhood.
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