ArticlePloS one2013
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant differentially activates the three complement pathways with major involvement of the alternative pathway.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Controlling timing and location in vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Aluminum adjuvants differentially induce IL-1β release in vitro yet share NLRP3 inflammasome-independent adjuvant effects in vivo.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Advantages of using complement components in preventive and therapeutic vaccine strategies for infectious and non-infectious diseases.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- Vaccines combining slow release and follicle targeting of antigens increase germinal center B cell diversity and clonal expansion.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2024Review
- Production of Antibodies to Peptide Targets Using Hybridoma Technology.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Monoclonal IgY antibodies: advancements and limitations for immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy applications.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2024Review
- A Comparative Study of the Effects of Al(OH)Archives of Razi Institute · 2023Article
- Advances on the early cellular events occurring upon exposure of human macrophages to aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Development of multi-epitope vaccines against the monkeypox virus based on envelope proteins using immunoinformatics approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- New-age vaccine adjuvants, their development, and future perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Anaphylaxis is rare due to CoronaVac in a population of healthcare workers.Asia Pacific allergy · 2022Article
- Developing an Effective Peptide-Based Vaccine for COVID-19: Preliminary Studies in Mice Models.Viruses · 2022Article
- Review
- CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Anaphylaxis: Clinical Characteristics and Revaccination Outcomes.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2021Article
- Article
- Engineered immunogen binding to alum adjuvant enhances humoral immunity.Nature medicine · 2020Article
- Peptides, Antibodies, Peptide Antibodies and More.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Lower-Sized Chitosan Nanocapsules for Transcutaneous Antigen Delivery.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Al(OH)3 is the most common adjuvant in human vaccines, but its mode of action remains poorly understood. Complement involvement in the adjuvant properties of Al(OH)3 has been suggested in several reports together with a depot effect. It is here confirmed that Al(OH)3 treatment of serum depletes complement components and activates the complement system. We show that complement activation by Al(OH)3 involves the three major pathways by monitoring complement components in Al(OH)3-treated serum and in Al(OH)3-containing precipitates. Al(OH)3 activation of complement results in deposition of C3 cleavage products and membrane attack complex (MAC) and in generation of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. Complement activation was time dependent and inhibited by chelation with EDTA but not EGTA+Mg(2+). We thus confirm that Al(OH)3 activates the complement system and show that the alternative pathway is of major importance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.