ArticlePloS one2013
Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of hypertension in Africa in the last two decades: systematic review and meta-analysis.Cardiovascular research · 2025Pooled it
- Rural-urban difference in the prevalence of hypertension in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of human hypertension · 2024Pooled it
- Determinants of systemic hypertension in older adults in Africa: a systematic review.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2019Pooled it
- Active smoking among people with diabetes mellitus or hypertension in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Magnitude and pattern of hypertension in the Niger Delta: a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based studies.Journal of global health · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicine · 2015Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nigeria.Clinical diabetes and endocrinology · 2024Review
- Geographical and sociodemographic disparities in fruit and vegetables consumption among adults in Burkina Faso: baseline results from the 2013 WHO STEPS survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Obesity and CKD in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review.Kidney medicine · 2022Review
- Statin-use and perceptions of high cholesterol as predictors of healthy lifestyle behaviours in Nigerians.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Rural-urban variation in hypertension among women in Ghana: insights from a national survey.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in selected health areas in a rural health district in Cameroon: a cross-sectional analysis.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Article
- Cardiovascular event risk estimation among residents of a rural setting in Bayelsa state, Nigeria.American journal of cardiovascular disease · 2021Article
- Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension in Nigeria: Data from a Nationwide Survey 2017.Global heart · 2020Article
- Modifiable risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adult outpatients in Manzini, Swaziland: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDeveloping countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face a double burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and communicable diseases. As high blood pressure (BP) is a common global cardiovascular (CV) disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality, the relationship between gradients of BP and other CV risk factors was assessed in Abia State, Nigeria.
methodsUsing the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of chronic disease risk factors, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in Abia state, Nigeria from August 2011 to March 2012. Data collected at various steps included: demographic and behavioral risk factors (Step 1); BP and anthropometric measurements (Step 2), and fasting blood cholesterol and glucose (Step 3).
resultsOf the 2983 subjects with complete data for analysis, 52.1% were females and 53.2% were rural dwellers. Overall, the distribution of selected CV disease risk factors was diabetes (3.6%), hypertension (31.4%), cigarette smoking (13.3%), use of smokeless tobacco (4.8%), physical inactivity (64.2%) and being overweight or obese (33.7%). Presence of hypertension, excessive intake of alcohol, smoking (cigarette and smokeless tobacco) and physical inactivity occurred more frequently in males than in females (p<0.05); while low income, lack of any formal education and use of smokeless tobacco were seen more frequently in rural dwellers than in those living in urban areas (p<0.05). The frequency of selected CV risk factors increased as BP was graded from optimal, normal to hypertension; and high BP correlated with age, gender, smokeless tobacco, overweight or obesity, annual income and level of education.
conclusionGiven the high prevalence of hypertension in this part of Nigeria, there is an urgent need to focus on the reduction of preventable CV risk factors we have observed to be associated with hypertension, in order to effectively reduce the burden of NCDs in Africa.
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