SynthesisNutrients2013
Vitamin D intake and risk of type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and Imaging Outcomes after Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Beta Cells in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Observational Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials, and Mendelian Randomization Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency as a Possible Cause of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents up to 15 Years Old: A Systematic Review.The review of diabetic studies : RDS · 2022Pooled it
- The virome in early life and childhood and development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Reviews in medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Role of Vitamin D in Preventing and Treating Selected Extraskeletal Diseases-An Umbrella Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in children-a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Expression-Based Genome-Wide Association Study Links Vitamin D-Binding Protein With Autoantigenicity in Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes · 2016Pooled it
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in childhood and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the TRIGR nested case-control ancillary study.Diabetologia · 2020Trial
- Vitamin D and Health: Establishing Causal Relationships Through Observational Evidence and Hill's Criteria in a Biological Framework.Nutrients · 2026Review
- A study of 25-(OH)DExperimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Association Between Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Women Undergoing Diagnostic 100-g Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Vitamin D in Gut and Systemic Immune Tolerance and in Infections' Risk: An International Evidence-Based Consensus Statement.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Article
- Association between vitamin A and D levels and the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Investigating the Risk Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in the South of Iran: A Casecontrol Study.Current diabetes reviews · 2026Article
- Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Vitamin D supplementation in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM): a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on pediatrics.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- The Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes: A Comprehensive Updated Narrative Review.Clinics and practice · 2025Review
- Molecular Insight into the Role of Vitamin D in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vitamin D is suggested to have protective effects against type 1 diabetes. However, the results from observational studies have been inconsistent. We aimed to examine their association by conducting a meta-analysis of observational studies. Multiple databases were searched in June 2013 to identify relevant studies including both case-control and cohort studies. Either a fixed- or random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled risk estimate. We identified eight studies (two cohort studies and six case-control studies) on vitamin D intake during early life and three studies (two cohort studies and one case-control study) on maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy. The pooled odds ratio for type 1 diabetes comparing vitamin D supplementation with non-supplementation during early life was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.98). Similar results were observed in the case-control subgroup analysis but not in the cohort subgroup analysis. The pooled odds ratio with maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.66-1.36). In conclusion, vitamin D intake during early life may be associated with a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. However, there was not enough evidence for an association between maternal intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.