ReviewInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2013
Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza.
Review in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 252 citations in OpenAlex.
- Worldwide prevalence of microbial agents' coinfection among COVID-19 patients: A comprehensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prevalence and outcomes of co-infection and superinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of infection · 2020Pooled it
- Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study.The Lancet. Global health · 2020Pooled it
- Host-response biomarker panels for distinguishing selected acute respiratory viral-bacterial co-infections from mono-infections.iScience · 2026Review
- Article
- Prevalence and Outcomes of Bacterial Co-detections by Blood Culture Among Children and Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, 2022-2024.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Influenza A virus infection induces initial proliferation of commensalJournal of virology · 2026Article
- Disease burden associated with influenza activity at the population level.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance Diagnostic Code Selection for Assessing Severity of Seasonal Influenza in New South Wales, Australia.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- The Increased Risk for Postinfluenza Pneumonia Among Cystic Fibrosis Carriers-A Population-Based Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity across mammalian- and avian-origin A(H1N1) influenza viruses influences viral infectivity following incubation with host bacteria from the human respiratory tract.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Seasonal Influenza: A Narrative Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Preventive Strategies.Cureus · 2025Review
- A Retrospective Study on Coinfections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mortality Risk Among COVID-19 Patients (2020-2021) with Consideration of Long-COVID Outcomes.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Safety and efficacy of an intramuscular bivalent vaccine against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in mice.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- UMPlex™: a targeted next-generation sequencing primer design workflow.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Observational study of antibiotic prescribing patterns by age and sex in primary care in England: why we need to take this variation into account to evaluate antibiotic stewardship and predict AMR variation.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Respiratory infections in the post-COVID-19 era: impact, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of bacterial and viral co-infections.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza-associated bacterial and viral infections are responsible for high levels of morbidity and death during pandemic and seasonal influenza episodes. A review was undertaken to assess and evaluate the incidence, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical importance and impact of bacterial and viral co-infection and secondary infection associated with influenza. A review was carried out of published articles covering bacterial and viral infections associated with pandemic and seasonal influenza between 1918 and 2009 (and published through December 2011) to include both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary infections. While pneumococcal infection remains the predominant cause of bacterial pneumonia, the review highlights the importance of other co- and secondary bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza, and the emergence of newly identified dual infections associated with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain. Severe influenza-associated pneumonia is often bacterial and will necessitate antibiotic treatment. In addition to the well-known bacterial causes, less common bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila may also be associated with influenza when new influenza strains emerge. This review should provide clinicians with an overview of the range of bacterial and viral co- or secondary infections that could present with influenza illness.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.