SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2013
Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04091789 (A Controlled-Dose Study Using Cannabinoid Combinations in a Rapidly Dissolvable Sublingual Tablet for the Treatment of Dysmenorrhea and Associated Pain Symptoms), which is not on this map. Cited by 111 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Controlled-Dose Study Using Cannabinoid Combinations in a Rapidly Dissolvable Sublingual Tablet for the Treatment of Dysmenorrhea and Associated Pain Symptoms
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 409 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex as a prognostic factor for mortality in adults with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Genome-wide investigation of exogenous female hormones, genetic variation, and venous thromboembolism risk.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2024Pooled it
- Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review.Drug safety · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of venous thrombosis risk among users of combined oral contraception.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: A systematic review.Contraception · 2016Pooled it
- Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Estetrol-Drospirenone combination oral contraceptive: a clinical study of contraceptive efficacy, bleeding pattern and safety in Europe and Russia.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2022Trial
- Health Status Is Affected, and Phase I/II Biotransformation Activity Altered in Young Women Using Oral Contraceptives Containing Drospirenone/Ethinyl Estradiol.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- The joint effect of genetic risk factors and different types of combined oral contraceptives on venous thrombosis risk.British journal of haematology · 2020Trial
- Unique effects on hepatic function, lipid metabolism, bone and growth endocrine parameters of estetrol in combined oral contraceptives.The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception · 2015Trial
- Venous thromboembolism in women on estrogen therapy: presentation, management, and outcomes in the RIETE registry.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Hormonal therapy and cardiovascular risk in polycystic ovary syndrome: a propensity-matched cohort study.Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) · 2026Article
- Using updated clinical recommendations to support contraceptive decision-making: U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2024.Contraception · 2026Review
- Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy: risk of acute cardiovascular events in a Dutch cohort study.European heart journal · 2026Article
- Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis risk across various oral contraceptives: a disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Association of factor V leiden and ischemic stroke in young adults: a national inpatient sample analysis.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Article
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and the risks of venous thromboembolism: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2026Article
- A Primer on Abdominoplasty Safety.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Combined Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Thrombosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo provide a comprehensive overview of the risk of venous thrombosis in women using different combined oral contraceptives.
designSystematic review and network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Academic Search Premier, and ScienceDirect up to 22 April 2013. REVIEW
methodsObservational studies that assessed the effect of combined oral contraceptives on venous thrombosis in healthy women. The primary outcome of interest was a fatal or non-fatal first event of venous thrombosis with the main focus on deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Publications with at least 10 events in total were eligible. The network meta-analysis was performed using an extension of frequentist random effects models for mixed multiple treatment comparisons. Unadjusted relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were reported. The requirement for crude numbers did not allow adjustment for potential confounding variables.
results3110 publications were retrieved through a search strategy; 25 publications reporting on 26 studies were included. Incidence of venous thrombosis in non-users from two included cohorts was 1.9 and 3.7 per 10,000 woman years, in line with previously reported incidences of 1-6 per 10,000 woman years. Use of combined oral contraceptives increased the risk of venous thrombosis compared with non-use (relative risk 3.5, 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 4.3). The relative risk of venous thrombosis for combined oral contraceptives with 30-35 µg ethinylestradiol and gestodene, desogestrel, cyproterone acetate, or drospirenone were similar and about 50-80% higher than for combined oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel. A dose related effect of ethinylestradiol was observed for gestodene, desogestrel, and levonorgestrel, with higher doses being associated with higher thrombosis risk.
conclusionAll combined oral contraceptives investigated in this analysis were associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. The effect size depended both on the progestogen used and the dose of ethinylestradiol.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.