ArticleJournal of virology2013
Influenza A virus proteins NS1 and hemagglutinin along with M2 are involved in stimulation of autophagy in infected cells.
Article in Journal of virology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- c-Fos enhances influenza virus replication by stabilizing the M2 protein and promoting autophagosome accumulation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- In vitro and in vivo studies of GAPLINC identify it as a critical host factor involved in the regulation of influenza A virus infection.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Orchestrating immunopathology: the spectrum of programmed cell death pathways co-opted by influenza a virus in pulmonary immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A Focus on Natural Autophagy Modulators as Potential Host-Directed Weapons Against Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses.Medicinal research reviews · 2025Review
- New characteristics of cancer immunotherapy: trends in viral tumor immunotherapy with influenza virus-based approaches.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Review
- Review
- Preclinical evaluation of a universal inactivated influenza B vaccine based on the mosaic hemagglutinin-approach.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- A small protein encoded by PCBP1-AS1 is identified as a key regulator of influenza virus replication via enhancing autophagy.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms of Qingxing Granules Treating H1N1 Influenza Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The relationship between autophagy and respiratory viruses.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Anti-influenza A (H1N1) virus effect of gallic acid through inhibition of virulent protein production and association with autophagy.Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- Effect of natural products on host cell autophagy induced by Influenza A virus infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Tabamide A and Its Structural Derivatives against Influenza Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Autophagy and Inflammation: Regulatory Roles in Viral Infections.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- A/(H1N1) pdm09 NS1 promotes viral replication by enhancing autophagy through hijacking the IAV negative regulatory factor LRPPRC.Autophagy · 2023Article
- Independent role of caspases and Bik in augmenting influenza A virus replication in airway epithelial cells and mice.Virology journal · 2023Article
- The battle for autophagy between host and influenza A virus.Virulence · 2022Review
- Vitamin D/vitamin D receptor, autophagy, and infection.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2022Article
- The Contribution of Viral Proteins to the Synergy of Influenza and Bacterial Co-Infection.Viruses · 2022Review
- Hydrophobic Residues at the Intracellular Domain of the M2 Protein Play an Important Role in Budding and Membrane Integrity of Influenza Virus.Journal of virology · 2022Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The NS1 protein of influenza A virus is known to downregulate apoptosis early in infection in order to support virus replication (O. P. Zhirnov, T. E. Konakova, T. Wolff, and H. D. Klenk, J. Virol. 76:1617-1625, 2002). In the present study, we analyzed the development of autophagy, another mechanism to protect cells from degradation that depends on NS1 expression. To this end, we compared autophagy in cells infected with wild-type (WT) influenza virus and virus lacking the NS1 gene (delNS1 virus). The results show that in WT-infected cells but not in delNS1 virus-infected cells, synthesis of the autophagy marker LC3-II, the lipidated form of microtubule light chain-associated protein LC3, is stimulated and that LC3-II accumulates in a perinuclear zone enriched with double-layered membrane vesicles characteristic of autophagosomes. Transfection experiments revealed that NS1 expressed alone was unable to upregulate autophagy, whereas hemagglutinin (HA) and M2 were. Proteolytic cleavage of HA increased autophagy. Taken together, these observations indicate that NS1 stimulates autophagy indirectly by upregulating the synthesis of HA and M2. Thus, it appears that NS1, besides downregulating apoptosis, is involved in upregulation of autophagy and that it supports the survival of infected cells by both mechanisms.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.