ArticleHIV medicine2014
Late presentation to HIV/AIDS testing, treatment or continued care: clarifying the use of CD4 evaluation in the consensus definition.
Article in HIV medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Determinants of late HIV diagnosis among patients attending ART clinics in amhara region northwest Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- HIV-1 late diagnosis in Cabo Verde: associated factors and implications for preventive strategies.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Determinants of Late HIV Presentation at Ndlavela Health Center in Mozambique.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Perceived behavioural predictors of late initiation to HIV/AIDS care in Gurage zone public health facilities: a cohort study using health belief model.BMC research notes · 2018Article
- Article
- Advanced HIV disease at presentation to care in Nairobi, Kenya: late diagnosis or delayed linkage to care?--a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Unmatched Case-Control Study on Late Presentation of HIV Infection in Santiago, Cape Verde (2004-2011).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Late presentation to HIV testing is overestimated when based on the consensus definition.HIV medicine · 2016Article
- Late HIV Diagnosis: Proposed Common Definitions and Associations With Short-Term Mortality.Medicine · 2015Observational
- Lack of awareness in both patients and physicians contributes to a high rate of late presentation in a South West German HIV patient cohort.Infection · 2015Article
- Making the invisible, visible: a cross-sectional study of late presentation to HIV/AIDS services among men who have sex with men from a large urban center of Brazil.BMC public health · 2014Article
- What's pregnancy got to do with it? Late presentation to HIV/AIDS services in Northeastern Brazil.AIDS care · 2014Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesLate presentation to HIV/AIDS services compromises treatment outcomes and misses opportunities for biomedical and behavioural prevention. There has been significant heterogeneity in how the term 'late presentation' (LP) has been used in the literature. In 2011, a consensus definition was reached using CD4 counts to define and measure late presenters and, while it is useful for clinical care, the consensus definition has several important limitations that we discuss in this article.
methodsUsing the spectrum of engagement in HIV care presented by Gardner and colleagues, this article highlights issues and opportunities associated with use of the consensus definition.
resultsThe consensus definition is limited by three principal factors: (1) the CD4 count threshold of 350 cells/μL is being increasingly questioned as the biomedical justification grows for earlier initiation of treatment; (2) CD4 evaluations are conducted at multiple services providing HIV care; thus it remains unclear to which service the patient is presenting late; and (3) the limited availability of CD4 evaluation restricts its use in determining the prevalence of LP in many settings.
conclusionsThe consensus definition is useful because it describes the level of disease progression and allows for consistent evaluation of the prevalence and determinants of LP. Suggestions are provided for improving the application of the consensus definition in future research.
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