ArticlePloS one2013
Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The role of gender in early childcare practices in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Decomposition of Wealth-Related Inequality in Child Immunization Among Aspirational and Non-Aspirational Districts in India.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Decomposition of socioeconomic inequalities in zero-dose children aged 12-23 months in India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Predictors of incomplete childhood vaccination in four West African countries: a population based cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Determinants and Experiences of Care-Seeking for Childhood Pneumonia in a Rural Indian Setting: A Mixed-Methods Study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Gender disparities in childhood vaccination in India: exploring the role of son preference using NFHS-5 data.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Trends and inequalities in BCG immunisation coverage among one-year-olds in Sierra Leone, 2008-2019.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Enablers and barriers to rotavirus vaccine coverage in Assam, India- A qualitative study.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Cross-sectional evaluation of the multidimensional indicators of psychosocial functioning and its sociodemographic correlates among Indian adults: WHO SAGE Study (2007-2010).PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Assessing reduction in multidimensional childhood poverty in India: a decomposition analysis.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Contextual factors influencing incomplete immunization and investigation of its geospatial heterogeneity in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study based on PDHS (2017-18).BMC public health · 2023Article
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- Trends and Determinants of Full Immunisation among Children Aged 12-23 Months: Analysis of Pooled Data from Mozambican Household Surveys between 1997 and 2015.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Inequalities in Childhood Immunisation in South Asia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Understanding the rural-urban disparity in acute respiratory infection symptoms among under-five children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multivariate decomposition analysis.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among children in India: Regional inequalities and risk factors.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
- The Long-Term Success of Mandatory Vaccination Laws After Implementing the First Vaccination Campaign in 19th Century Rural Finland.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
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- Public finance of universal routine childhood immunization in India: district-level cost estimates.Health policy and planning · 2022Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
1 author.
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Abstract
backgroundAlthough child immunization is regarded as a highly cost-effective lifesaver, about fifty percent of the eligible children aged 12-23 months in India are without essential immunization coverage. Despite several programmatic initiatives, urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization pose an intimidating challenge to India's public health agenda. This study assesses the urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization coverage during 1992-2006 across six major geographical regions in India. DATA AND
methodsThree rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06 were analyzed. Bivariate analyses, urban-rural and gender inequality ratios, and the multivariate-pooled logistic regression model were applied to examine the trends and patterns of inequalities over time. KEY
findingsThe analysis of change over one and half decades (1992-2006) shows considerable variations in child immunization coverage across six geographical regions in India. Despite a decline in urban-rural and gender differences over time, children residing in rural areas and girls remained disadvantaged. Moreover, northeast, west and south regions, which had the lowest gender inequality in 1992 observed an increase in gender difference over time. Similarly, urban-rural inequality increased in the west region during 1992-2006.
conclusionThis study suggests periodic evaluation of the health care system is vital to assess the between and within group difference beyond average improvement. It is essential to integrate strong immunization systems with broad health systems and coordinate with other primary health care delivery programs to augment immunization coverage.
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