ArticlePloS one2013
Ashtrays and signage as determinants of a smoke-free legislation's success.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Signs, Fines and Compliance Officers: A Systematic Review of Strategies for Enforcing Smoke-Free Policy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Pooled it
- Compliance with smoke-free laws in hospitality venues in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional observational study in 10 cities.PloS one · 2025Observational
- Smoke-free law compliance and predictive factors in Ethiopia: observational assessment of public places and workplaces.Tobacco control · 2024Observational
- State of the literature discussing smoke-free policies globally: A narrative review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Review
- Compliance with smoke-free legislation in public places: An observational study in a northeast city of Bangladesh.PloS one · 2023Article
- Compliance Surveillance of the Tobacco Control Legislation in a Spanish Region and Characterization of Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and E-Cig in Children in Outdoor Spaces.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Impact of an Inner-City Smoke-Free Zone on Outdoor Smoking Patterns: A Before-After Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Utilisation of smoking cessation aids among South African adult smokers: findings from a national survey of 18 208 South African adults.Family medicine and community health · 2021Article
- Improvement in Compliance With Smoke-Free Environment Regulations at Hotels and Restaurants in Vietnam After an Administrative Intervention.Environmental health insights · 2020Article
- Monitoring Compliance and Examining Challenges of a Smoke-free Policy in Jayapura, Indonesia.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2019Article
- Compliance with smoke-free legislation and smoking behaviour: observational field study from Punjab, India.Tobacco control · 2018Observational
- Compliance with smoke-free legislation within public buildings: a cross-sectional study in Turkey.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2016Observational
- Exposure to secondhand smoke and voluntary adoption of smoke-free home and car rules among non-smoking South African adults.BMC public health · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSuccessful smoke-free legislation is dependent on political will, enforcement and societal support. We report the success and pitfalls of a non-enforced nationwide smoke-free legislation in Greece, as well as ways in which compliance and enforcement-related factors, including ashtrays and signage, may impact indoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations.
methodsA follow-up study of venues (n=150, at baseline, n=75 at 2-year follow-up) in Greece assessed indoor particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers (PM 2.5 ) concentrations attributable to SHS smoke every six months for two years (n=455 venue/measurements).
resultsFollowing the implementation of the 2010 smoke-free legislation, mean PM2.5 concentrations attributable to SHS fell from 175.3 µg/m(3) pre-ban to 84.52 µg/m(3) immediately post-ban, increasing over subsequent waves (103.8 µg/m(3) and 158.2 µg/m(3) respectively). Controlling for potential influential factors such as ventilation, time of day, day of week, city and venue type, all post-ban measurements were still lower than during the pre-ban period (Wave 2 beta: -118.7, Wave 3 beta: -87.6, and Wave 4 beta: -69.9). Outdoor or indoor signage banning smoking was not found to affect SHS concentrations (beta: -10.9, p=0.667 and beta: -18.1, p=0.464 respectively). However, ashtray or ashtray equivalents were strong determinants of the existence of indoor SHS (beta: +67 µg/m(3), p=0.017).
conclusionsWhile the public may be supportive of smoke-free legislation, adherence may decline rapidly if enforcement is limited or nonexistent. Moreover, enforcement agencies should also focus on the comprehensive removal of ashtray equivalents that could act as cues for smoking within a venue.
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