ArticlePloS one2013
Fate of ingested Clostridium difficile spores in mice.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- 5,6-Fused heterocycle cholate derivatives as spore germination inhibitors of Clostridioides difficile.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- In situ visualization of Clostridioides difficile phenotypic heterogeneity and single-cell morphology during gut infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bile Acid Analogs with Anti-Germination Activities for Prophylaxis ofBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Defined microbial communities and their soluble products protect mice from Clostridioides difficile infection.Communications biology · 2024Article
- The design, synthesis, and inhibition of Clostridioides difficile spore germination by acyclic and bicyclic tertiary amide analogs of cholate.European journal of medicinal chemistry · 2023Article
- Mechanism of germination inhibition of Clostridioides difficile spores by an aniline substituted cholate derivative (CaPA).The Journal of antibiotics · 2023Article
- A High-Carbohydrate Diet Prolongs Dysbiosis and Clostridioides difficile Carriage and Increases Delayed Mortality in a Hamster Model of Infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- An Aniline-Substituted Bile Salt Analog Protects both Mice and Hamsters from Multiple Clostridioides difficile Strains.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Studies on the Importance of the 7α-, and 12α- hydroxyl groups of N-Aryl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-amides on their Antigermination Activity Against a Hypervirulent Strain of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 2021Article
- Pharmacokinetics of CamSA, a potential prophylactic compound against Clostridioides difficile infections.Biochemical pharmacology · 2021Article
- Differential effects of 'resurrecting' Csp pseudoproteases during Clostridioides difficile spore germination.The Biochemical journal · 2020Article
- Effect of the Synthetic Bile Salt Analog CamSA on the Hamster Model of Clostridium difficile Infection.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2018Article
- The Design, Synthesis, and Characterizations of Spore Germination Inhibitors Effective against an Epidemic Strain of Clostridium difficile.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2018Article
- Novel FR-900493 Analogues That Inhibit the Outgrowth ofACS omega · 2018Article
- Inhibitory effect of indole analogs against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease.Journal of insect science (Online) · 2017Article
- Article
- A Gut Odyssey: The Impact of the Microbiota on Clostridium difficile Spore Formation and Germination.PLoS pathogens · 2015Review
- Regulation of Clostridium difficile Spore Formation by the SpoIIQ and SpoIIIA Proteins.PLoS genetics · 2015Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, a major nosocomial complication. The infective form of C. difficile is the spore, a dormant and resistant structure that forms under stress. Although spore germination is the first committed step in CDI onset, the temporal and spatial distribution of ingested C. difficile spores is not clearly understood. We recently reported that CamSA, a synthetic bile salt analog, inhibits C. difficile spore germination in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we took advantage of the anti-germination activity of bile salts to determine the fate of ingested C. difficile spores. We tested four different bile salts for efficacy in preventing CDI. Since CamSA was the only anti-germinant tested able to prevent signs of CDI, we characterized CamSa's in vitro stability, distribution, and cytotoxicity. We report that CamSA is stable to simulated gastrointestinal (GI) environments, but will be degraded by members of the natural microbiota found in a healthy gut. Our data suggest that CamSA will not be systemically available, but instead will be localized to the GI tract. Since in vitro pharmacological parameters were acceptable, CamSA was used to probe the mouse model of CDI. By varying the timing of CamSA dosage, we estimated that C. difficile spores germinated and established infection less than 10 hours after ingestion. We also showed that ingested C. difficile spores rapidly transited through the GI tract and accumulated in the colon and cecum of CamSA-treated mice. From there, C. difficile spores were slowly shed over a 96-hour period. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using molecular probes to obtain disease progression information for C. difficile infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.