ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology
Variability of urinary cadmium excretion in spot urine samples, first morning voids, and 24 h urine in a healthy non-smoking population: implications for study design.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exposure to heavy metals and the risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2020Pooled it
- Impact of a prenatal exposure mixture of metals on DNA methylation-derived cell-type composition in cord blood.Environmental epigenetics · 2026Article
- Article
- A protocol for the prospective study of urinary cadmium with risk of fracture, bone loss, and muscle loss.JBMR plus · 2024Article
- Exploring the Utility of Urinary Creatinine Adjustment for KIM-1, NGAL, and Cystatin C for the Assessment of Kidney Function: Insights from the C-KidnEES Cohort.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A regional comparison of children's blood cadmium, lead, and mercury in rural, urban and industrial areas of six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco.International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health · 2023Article
- The endocrine disruptor cadmium: a new player in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2021Review
- Urine cadmium and acute myocardial infarction among never smokers in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort.Environment international · 2021Article
- Variability of Urinary Creatinine in Healthy Individuals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Low- and moderate- levels of arsenic exposure in young adulthood and incidence of chronic kidney disease: Findings from the CARDIA Trace Element Study.Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2021Article
- The association between cumulative cadmium intake and osteoporosis and risk of fracture in a Chinese population.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2019Article
- Temporal stability of urinary cadmium in samples collected several years apart in a population of older persons.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2019Article
- Adjusting urinary chemical biomarkers for hydration status during pregnancy.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2018Article
- The references level of cadmium intake for renal dysfunction in a Chinese population.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Cadmium exposure and early renal effects in the children and adults living in a tungsten-molybdenum mining areas of South China.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2018Article
- The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2017Article
- Temporal variability of urinary cadmium in spot urine samples and first morning voids.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2017Article
- Is Urinary Cadmium a Biomarker of Long-term Exposure in Humans? A Review.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
- Environmental exposure to arsenic and chromium in children is associated with kidney injury molecule-1.Environmental research · 2016Article
- Urinary Cadmium and Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.American journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
When selecting the least biased exposure surrogate, for example, the concentration of a biomarker in a urine sample, information on variability must be taken into consideration. We used mixed-effects models to estimate the variability and determinants of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) excretion using spot urine samples collected at six fixed times during 2 days about 1 week apart, from 24 healthy non-smokers. The urine samples were analysed for U-Cd, the concentrations were adjusted for dilution, and the excretion rates were calculated. Between-individual variability dominated the total variability for most measures of U-Cd excretion, especially for 24 h urine and first morning samples. The U-Cd excretion showed a circadian rhythm during the day, and time point of sampling was a significant factor in the mixed-effects models, thus a standardised sampling time, such as first morning urine samples, needs to be applied. Gender, urinary flow rate, age, and urinary protein excretions were also significant determinants for U-Cd excretion. The choice of biomarker for U-Cd excretion was found to be more important in individually-based studies of exposure-response relationships than in studies of comparing Cd levels of groups. When planning a study, this variability of U-Cd in spot samples must be acknowledged.
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