ReviewTrends in cognitive sciences2013
Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve.
Review in Trends in cognitive sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05407948 (The Interaction Between Cognitive Reserve and Neuropsychological Variables, Variables Related to Psychological Well-being and Health Care Usage in Relation to Long-term Outcome After Stroke or Traumatic Brain Injury), which is not on this map. Cited by 444 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Interaction Between Cognitive Reserve and Neuropsychological Variables, Variables Related to Psychological Well-being and Health Care Usage in Relation to Long-term Outcome After Stroke or Traumatic Brain Injury
Who cites it
444 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence and influencing factors of cognitive frailty in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence and influencing factors of cognitive frailty in Chinese maintenance hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Role of cognitive reserve in ischemic stroke prognosis: A systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Modifiable lifestyle factors and cognitive reserve: A systematic review of current evidence.Ageing research reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review on post-stroke computerized cognitive training: Unveiling the impact of confounding factors.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Cognitive Screening of Federal Public Leaders: MoCA Performance, Cognitive Risk, and Predictors of Variability in a Highly Educated Workforce.Scandinavian journal of psychology · 2026Article
- Cognitive and motor reserve in Parkinson's disease: Two sides of the same coin?Journal of neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Cognitive Reserve and Psychological Well-Being in Aging Population of Community-Dwellers in Spain.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Protecting episodic memory after sleep loss: Similar benefits of exercise and naps via distinct neural contributions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The multi-dimensional spectrum of radiologically isolated syndrome: a systematic review of cognitive and psychosocial evidence.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- The Association Between Social Isolation, Functional Social Support, and Memory: A Mediation Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Error unawareness as a driver of cognitive decline in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Screen-detected cognitive impairment, psychological distress, and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Yemen.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Brain maintenance biomarkers from structural and functional interactions in aging and neurodegeneration.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of drawing tests and their combinations for post-stroke cognitive impairment in patients with lower education.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Article
- Wearable Inertial Sensor Analysis of Turning Performance Reveals Motor Reserve Effects in Drug-Naïve Parkinson's Disease.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global executive function advantages in older adults with long-term habitual exercise are associated with resting-state functional reorganization.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Psychometric Properties of the Italian Adaptation of the Subjective Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire Based on Modifiable Lifestyle Factors (SCR-Q).Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Neural compensation through dorsal stream involvement in visual word recognition under perceptual degradation in a transparent language: evidence from fMRI.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2026Article
384 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept meant to account for the frequent discrepancy between an individual's measured level of brain pathology and her expected cognitive performance. It is particularly important within the context of aging and dementia, but has wider applicability to all forms of brain damage. As such, it has intimate links to related compensatory and neuroprotective concepts, as well as to the related notion of brain reserve. In this article, we introduce the concept of cognitive reserve and explicate its potential cognitive and neural implementation. We conclude that cognitive reserve is compatible and complementary with many related concepts, but that each much draw sharper conceptual boundaries in order to truly explain preserved cognitive function in the face of aging or brain damage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.