ArticleBiomaterials2013
The antiviral activity of poly-γ-glutamic acid, a polypeptide secreted by Bacillus sp., through induction of CD14-dependent type I interferon responses.
Article in Biomaterials, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potential Antiviral Compounds fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Polyglutamic Acid as an Antiviral Agent: Mechanistic and Structural Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- The extracellular polysaccharide inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with extract and gene editing Lacticaseibacillus.Microbial cell factories · 2023Article
- Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- In Vitro Replication Inhibitory Activity of Xanthorrhizol against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Nanotechnology-based antiviral therapeutics.Drug delivery and translational research · 2021Review
- Nanomedicine for COVID-19: the role of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of COVID-19.Emergent materials · 2021Review
- Isolation and characterization of an exopolymer produced by Bacillus licheniformis: In vitro antiviral activity against enveloped viruses.Carbohydrate polymers · 2020Article
- Article
- Induction of SOCS Expression by EV71 Infection Promotes EV71 Replication.BioMed research international · 2020Article
- Antiviral activity of anisomycin against spring viraemia of carp virus in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells and zebrafish.Virus research · 2019Article
- Prophylactic efficacy of orally administered Bacillus poly-γ-glutamic acid, a non-LPS TLR4 ligand, against norovirus infection in mice.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Vibrio vulnificus quorum-sensing molecule cyclo(Phe-Pro) inhibits RIG-I-mediated antiviral innate immunity.Nature communications · 2018Article
- Poly-gamma-glutamic acid from Bacillus subtilis upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines while inhibiting NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasome activation.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2018Article
- Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Promotes miR-122 Destabilization by Inhibiting GLD-2.PLoS pathogens · 2016Article
- Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus in Mice by a Small Interfering RNA Targeting a Highly Conserved Sequence in Viral IRES Pseudoknot.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an anionic polypeptide secreted by Bacillus sp. that has been shown to activate immune cells through interactions with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, its ability to induce the type I interferon (IFN) response has not yet been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that γ-PGA induces type I IFN signaling pathway via the TLR4 signaling pathway. The induction required both myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and the pattern-recognition receptor CD14, which are two TLR4-associated accessory proteins. The γ-PGA with high molecular weights (2000 and 5000 kDa) was able to activate the subsequent signals through TLR4/MD2 to result in dimerization of IRF-3, a transcription factor required for IFN gene expression, leading to increases in mRNA levels of the type I IFN-response genes, 2'-5' OAS and ISG56. Moreover, γ-PGA (2000 kDa) displayed an antiviral activity against SARS coronavirus and hepatitis C virus. Our results identify high-molecular weight γ-PGA as a TLR4 ligand and demonstrate that γ-PGA requires both CD14 and MD2 for the activation of type I IFN responses. Our results suggest that the microbial biopolymer γ-PGA may have therapeutic potential against a broad range of viruses sensitive to type I IFNs.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.