SynthesisHuman molecular genetics2014
Education influences the association between genetic variants and refractive error: a meta-analysis of five Singapore studies.
Synthesis in Human molecular genetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of 5p15.2 and 15q14 with high myopia in Tujia and Miao Chinese populations.BMC ophthalmology · 2020Pooled it
- Associations of rs524952 and rs634990 gene polymorphisms in 15q14 with high myopia: A meta-analysis.Molecular vision · 2019Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of gene-environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error.Nature communications · 2016Pooled it
- Potential Mutations in Chinese Pathologic Myopic Patients and Contributions to Phenotype.Current molecular medicine · 2018Trial
- Beyond Screen Time: A Measurement Framework for Behavioral Exposures in Childhood Myopia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spatial altitude factors on the association with myopia: a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Myopia: a review of current concepts, association with nonophthalmological conditions, and treatment strategy in children and adolescents.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association study identified novel loci and gene-environment interaction for refractive error in children.NPJ genomic medicine · 2025Article
- Temporal Regulation of Myopia and Inflammation-Associated Pathways in the Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein Knockout Mouse Model.Current eye research · 2025Article
- Genome-wide screen to identify genetic loci associated with cognitive decline in late-life depression.International psychogeriatrics · 2024Article
- Review
- A Genome-Wide Association Study for Susceptibility to Axial Length in Highly Myopic Eyes.Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Applications of Genomics and Transcriptomics in Precision Medicine for Myopia Control or Prevention.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Outdoor time influences VIPR2 polymorphism rs2071623 to regulate axial length in Han Chinese children.Molecular vision · 2023Article
- Education interacts with genetic variants near GJD2, RBFOX1, LAMA2, KCNQ5 and LRRC4C to confer susceptibility to myopia.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
- Myopia Genetics and Heredity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The Role of GJD2(Cx36) in Refractive Error Development.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Review
- Genetic Variants Associated With Human Eye Size Are Distinct From Those Conferring Susceptibility to Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Loss of Gap Junction Delta-2 (GJD2) gene orthologs leads to refractive error in zebrafish.Communications biology · 2021Article
- Mutational screening ofMolecular vision · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Refractive error is a complex ocular trait governed by both genetic and environmental factors and possibly their interplay. Thus far, data on the interaction between genetic variants and environmental risk factors for refractive errors are largely lacking. By using findings from recent genome-wide association studies, we investigated whether the main environmental factor, education, modifies the effect of 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms on refractive error among 8461 adults from five studies including ethnic Chinese, Malay and Indian residents of Singapore. Three genetic loci SHISA6-DNAH9, GJD2 and ZMAT4-SFRP1 exhibited a strong association with myopic refractive error in individuals with higher secondary or university education (SHISA6-DNAH9: rs2969180 A allele, β = -0.33 D, P = 3.6 × 10(-6); GJD2: rs524952 A allele, β = -0.31 D, P = 1.68 × 10(-5); ZMAT4-SFRP1: rs2137277 A allele, β = -0.47 D, P = 1.68 × 10(-4)), whereas the association at these loci was non-significant or of borderline significance in those with lower secondary education or below (P for interaction: 3.82 × 10(-3)-4.78 × 10(-4)). The evidence for interaction was strengthened when combining the genetic effects of these three loci (P for interaction = 4.40 × 10(-8)), and significant interactions with education were also observed for axial length and myopia. Our study shows that low level of education may attenuate the effect of risk alleles on myopia. These findings further underline the role of gene-environment interactions in the pathophysiology of myopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.