ArticleBiological psychiatry2014
Activation of the maternal immune system during pregnancy alters behavioral development of rhesus monkey offspring.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Maternal atopic conditions and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Maternal immune activation generates anxiety in offspring: A translational meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Mid-gestation cytokine profiles in mothers of children affected by autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Associations between chronic placental inflammation, fetal brain development and later autism traits.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental comorbidities in juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Prenatal maternal immune activation triggers lasting cell-specific transcriptomic dysregulation in the amygdala of primate offspring.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- A "personality test" for rats reveals subtle but distinct effects of sex and early life inflammation on brain and behavior.Behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2, early relational health, and child socio-emotional functioning in the first 6 months.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Analysis of Gene, Environment, and Sex Interaction in the Development of Autistic-like Phenotype in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The role of the kynurenine pathway in the pathophysiology of autism-like phenotype induced by maternal inflammation in male mice.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Prenatal and postnatal effects of gestational immune activation on synaptic and neurodevelopmental pathways via epigenetic mechanisms.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Maternal immune activation during gestation modulates offspring immune profiles in a nonhuman primate model.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the periventricular proliferative zone in the late gestation fetal brain in the pigtail macaque.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Maternal immune activation alters infant attentional processing in a nonhuman primate model.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Epiphenomena in psychosis: how perinatal stressful events shape long-term outcomes.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Does the Maternal Gut Microbiome Influence the Outcome of Perinatal Asphyxia?Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Early life stress and altered social behaviors: A perspective across species.Neuroscience research · 2025Review
- Strategic delivery of omega-3 fatty acids for modulating inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Maternal Immune Activation and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Integrating Molecular, Cellular and Systems Mechanisms.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Review
- The Importance of Including Maternal Immune Activation in Animal Models of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Biomedicines · 2024Article
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaternal infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia and autism in the offspring. Supporting this correlation, experimentally activating the maternal immune system during pregnancy in rodents produces offspring with abnormal brain and behavioral development. We have developed a nonhuman primate model to bridge the gap between clinical populations and rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA).
methodsA modified form of the viral mimic, synthetic double-stranded RNA (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly-L-lysine) was delivered to two separate groups of pregnant rhesus monkeys to induce MIA: 1) late first trimester MIA (n = 6), and 2) late second trimester MIA (n = 7). Control animals (n = 11) received saline injections at the same first or second trimester time points or were untreated. Sickness behavior, temperature, and cytokine profiles of the pregnant monkeys confirmed a strong inflammatory response to MIA.
resultsBehavioral development of the offspring was studied for 24 months. Following weaning at 6 months of age, MIA offspring exhibited abnormal responses to separation from their mothers. As the animals matured, MIA offspring displayed increased repetitive behaviors and decreased affiliative vocalizations. When evaluated with unfamiliar conspecifics, first trimester MIA offspring deviated from species-typical macaque social behavior by inappropriately approaching and remaining in immediate proximity of an unfamiliar animal.
conclusionsIn this rhesus monkey model, MIA yields offspring with abnormal repetitive behaviors, communication, and social interactions. These results extended the findings in rodent MIA models to more human-like behaviors resembling those in both autism and schizophrenia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.