SynthesisBMC neurology2013
OnabotulinumtoxinA muscle injection patterns in adult spasticity: a systematic literature review.
Synthesis in BMC neurology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- The use of botulinum toxin for spasticity in people with spinal cord injury: a scoping review.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2026Article
- The Complex Role of Botulinum Toxin in Enhancing Goal Achievement for Post-Stroke Patients.Toxins · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Inertia Sensors for Measuring Spasticity of the Ankle Plantarflexors Using the Modified Tardieu Scale-A Proof of Concept Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The posterior/medial dry needling approach of the tibialis posterior muscle is an accurate and safe procedure: a cadaveric study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Article
- Long-Term Observational Results from the ASPIRE Study: OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment for Adult Lower Limb Spasticity.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2021Observational
- Clinical spasticity assessment using the Modified Tardieu Scale does not reflect joint angular velocity or range of motion during walking: Assessment tool implications.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2021Article
- Individualized OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment for Upper Limb Spasticity Resulted in High Clinician- and Patient-Reported Satisfaction: Long-Term Observational Results from the ASPIRE Study.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2020Article
- Article
- Botulinum Toxin Conditioning Enhances Motor Axon Regeneration in Mouse and Human Preclinical Models.Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · 2018Article
- Comparing Electrical Stimulation With and Without Ultrasound Guidance for Phenol Neurolysis to the Musculocutaneous Nerve.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2018Article
- Defining spasticity: a new approach considering current movement disorders terminology and botulinum toxin therapy.Journal of neurology · 2018Article
- [Pain in patients with paraplegia].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2017Review
- Survey of Botulinum Toxin Injections in Anticoagulated Patients: Korean Physiatrists' Preference in Controlling Anticoagulation Profile Prior to Intramuscular Injection.Annals of rehabilitation medicine · 2016Article
- Spastic Paralysis of the Elbow and Forearm.Seminars in plastic surgery · 2016Article
- Spotlight on botulinum toxin and its potential in the treatment of stroke-related spasticity.Drug design, development and therapy · 2016Review
- Effect of Onabotulinum Toxin A on Substance P and Receptor Neurokinin 1 in the Rat Ventral Prostate.Andrology : open access · 2015Article
- Hematuria following Botox treatment for upper limb spasticity: a case report.Journal of pain research · 2015Article
- New Injection Points of Onabotulinum Toxin A for Spastic Paralysis of the Fingers: Eight Cases of Report.Annals of Indian Academy of NeurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOnabotulinumtoxinA has demonstrated significant benefit in adult focal spasticity. This study reviews the injection patterns (i.e., muscle distribution, dosing) of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of adult spasticity, as reported in published studies.
methodsA systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies published between 1990 and 2011 reporting data on muscles injected with onabotulinumtoxinA in adult patients treated for any cause of spasticity.
results28 randomized, 5 nonrandomized, and 37 single-arm studies evaluating 2,163 adult patients were included. The most frequently injected upper-limb muscles were flexor carpi radialis (64.0% of patients), flexor carpi ulnaris (59.1%), flexor digitorum superficialis (57.2%), flexor digitorum profundus (52.5%), and biceps brachii (38.8%). The most frequently injected lower-limb muscles were the gastrocnemius (66.1% of patients), soleus (54.7%), and tibialis posterior (50.5%). The overall dose range reported was 5-200 U for upper-limb muscles and 10-400 U for lower-limb muscles.
conclusionsThe reviewed evidence indicates that the muscles most frequently injected with onabotulinumtoxinA in adults with spasticity were the wrist, elbow, and finger flexors and the ankle plantar flexors. OnabotulinumtoxinA was injected over a broad range of doses per muscle among the studies included in this review, but individual practitioners should be mindful of local regulatory approvals and regulations.
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