Trial reportRadiation oncology (London, England)2013
Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of whole-brain irradiation with concomitant chloroquine for brain metastases.
Trial report in Radiation oncology (London, England), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04338867 (Nitroglycerin Plus Whole Intracranial Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 82 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Nitroglycerin Plus Whole Intracranial Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: a Phase II Open Randomized Clinical Trial
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hydroxychloroquine-Chloroquine, QT-Prolongation, and Major Adverse Cardiac Events: A Meta-analysis and Scoping Review.The Annals of pharmacotherapy · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine from randomized controlled trials on malarial and non-malarial conditions.Systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Autophagy modulation in cancer.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Emerging perspectives in proteostasis: bridging mechanisms and therapeutics for human diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- The multifaceted functions of selective autophagy in cancer: molecular basis, consequences, and clinical prospects.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Targeting Lysosomes for Enhanced Anti-Cancer Therapeutics and Immune Response.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Autophagy in cancer and protein conformational disorders.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Dual Roles of Autophagy in Radiation-Induced Brain Injury: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Chloroquine Enhances Chemosensitivity of Breast Cancer via mTOR Inhibition.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- LOC730101 improves ovarian cancer drug sensitivity by inhibiting autophagy-mediated DNA damage repair via BECN1.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- SLC34A2 promotes cell proliferation by activating STX17-mediated autophagy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Thoracic cancer · 2024Article
- Repurposing radiosensitising medicines for radiotherapy: an overview.BMJ oncology · 2024Review
- Metixene is an incomplete autophagy inducer in preclinical models of metastatic cancer and brain metastases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- The role of autophagy in hypoxia-induced radioresistance.Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology · 2023Review
- Review
- An autophagy-inducing stapled peptide induces mitochondria dysfunction and triggers autotic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer.Cell death discovery · 2023Article
- An autophagy-inducing stapled peptide promotes c-MET degradation and overrides adaptive resistance to sorafenib in c-METBiochemistry and biophysics reports · 2023Article
- The Role of Autophagy in Breast Cancer Metastasis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- The relationship between autophagy and PD-L1 and their role in antitumor therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeChloroquine (CLQ), an antimalarial drug, has a lysosomotropic effect associated with increased radiationsensibility, which is mediated by the leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, increased apoptosis, autophagy and increased oxidative stress in vitro. In this phase II study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of radiosensibilization using CLQ concomitant with 30 Gray (Gy) of whole-brain irradiation (WBI) to treat patients with brain metastases (BM) from solid tumors.
methodsSeventy-three eligible patients were randomized. Thirty-nine patients received WBI (30 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks) concomitant with 150 mg of CLQ for 4 weeks (the CLQ arm). Thirty-four patients received the same schedule of WBI concomitant with a placebo for 4 weeks (the control arm). All the patients were evaluated for quality of life (QoL) using the EORTC Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) (Mexican version) before beginning radiotherapy and one month later.
resultsThe overall response rate (ORR) was 54% for the CLQ arm and 55% for the control arm (p=0.92). The progression-free survival of brain metastases (BMPFS) rates at one year were 83.9% (95% CI 69.4-98.4) for the CLQ arm and 55.1% (95% CI 33.6-77.6) for the control arm. Treatment with CLQ was independently associated with increased BMPFS (RR 0.31,95% CI [0.1-0.9], p=0.046).The only factor that was independently associated with increased overall survival (OS) was the presence of< 4 brain metastases (RR 1.9, 95% CI [1.12-3.3], p=0.017). WBI was associated with improvements in cognitive and emotional function but also with worsened nausea in both patients groups. No differences in QoL or toxicity were found between the study arms.
conclusionTreatment with CLQ plus WBI improved the control of BM (compared with the control arm) with no increase in toxicity; however, CLQ did not improve the RR or OS. A phase III clinical trial is warranted to confirm these findings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.