ReviewJournal of general internal medicine2014
Pitfalls in hemoglobin A1c measurement: when results may be misleading.
Review in Journal of general internal medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 182 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
182 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Interference of iron deficiency in glycated hemoglobin testing and its clinical implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biochemia medica · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of diabetes self-management education in type 2 diabetes management - a systematic umbrella review of meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative accuracy of 1-hour post-load plasma glucose, glycated albumin, and conventional glycemic measures for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Contributions of 2-h post-load glucose, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin elevations to the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults: A systematic analysis of global data.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Relationship between stress hyperglycaemic ratio (SHR) and critical illness: a systematic review.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Pooled it
- Plasma Glycated CD59 and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of structured self-monitoring of blood glucose on clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes among adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2023Pooled it
- Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature.Mycopathologia · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of diabetes self-management education on glycemic control in Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Patient education and counseling · 2020Pooled it
- Deprescribing antihyperglycemic agents in older persons: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2017Guideline
- Impact of Simultaneous Initiation of Finerenone and Empagliflozin on Albuminuria Irrespective of Baseline HbA1c Levels: A Participant-Level Exploratory Analysis of the Randomised CONFIDENCE Trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Comparative effectiveness of diabetes self-management education and support intervention strategies among adults with type 2 diabetes in Texas.Frontiers in public health · 2025Trial
- The Feasibility of the Diabetes Self-Management Coaching Program in Primary Care: A Mixed-Methods Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Implementation and Evaluation of a mHealth-Based Community Health Worker Feedback Loop for Hispanics with and at Risk for Diabetes.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Trial
- Mentored implementation to initiate a diabetes program in an underserved community: a pilot study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2021Trial
- Glycated hemoglobin concentrations of red blood cells minimally increase during storage under standard blood banking conditions.Transfusion · 2019Trial
- From Trials to Practice: Implementing a Clinical Intervention in Community Settings.Journal of primary care & community healthTrial
- Development and validation of a model using routine clinical features to improve diabetes diagnosis.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Stress hyperglycemia ratio as a marker of major postoperative complications after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.Journal of anesthesia · 2026Article
122 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the beginning of clinical use in the 1970s, hemoglobin A1c (A1c) has become the standard tool for monitoring glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The role of the A1c test was broadened in 2010, when the American Diabetes Association added A1c as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes. Because of hemoglobin A1c's integral role in diagnosis and treatment, it is important to recognize clinical scenarios and interfering factors that yield false results. The purpose of this review is to describe the A1c measurement, outline clinical scenarios or factors that may yield false results, and describe alternative laboratory biomarkers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.