SynthesisJournal of general internal medicine2014
A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism.
Synthesis in Journal of general internal medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence of Racial Disparities in the Lung Cancer Screening Process: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review of neighborhood socioeconomic indices studied across the cancer control continuum.Cancer medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Ethnic variations in compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international data.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Ethnic inequalities and pathways to care in psychosis in England: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Naming Institutionalized Racism in the Public Health Literature: A Systematic Literature Review.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Pooled it
- Self-reported racial and ethnic discrimination in patient-provider interactions and the initiation of adjuvant therapies for breast cancer in the pathways study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Addressing the Impacts of New Racism on Mental Health Service Use Among Culturally and Racially Marginalised (CaRM) Communities: A Q Methodology Study.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- Association of Hypertension With Health Care Access and Utilization Following Childbirth: Differences by Race and Ethnicity.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Experiences of Blame Among Pregnant Black Women During Prenatal Care.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Emergency Department Utilization among Older Black Adults with Chronic Illness in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Bias at the Bedside: A Comprehensive Review of Racial, Sexual, and Gender Minority Experiences and Provider Attitudes in Healthcare.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Negotiating responsibility: How German healthcare professionals navigate racism between recognition and resistance.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Who feels safe calling 911: are prior experiences of anti-Black racial discrimination associated with hesitancy seeking emergency medical services in the event of accidental drug overdose? - a study protocol.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- "If They Help Us, We Can Help Them": First Nations Peoples Identify Intercultural Health Communication Problems and Solutions in Hospital in Northern Australia.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Healthcare providers' perceptions of immigrant patients' values about sexual and reproductive rights: a cross-sectional comparison with immigrants' self-reported values.Reproductive health · 2025Article
- Critical Self-reflection on Racism by Hospital Physicians in Large German Cities. A Qualitative Reconstructive Study Using Episodic Interviews.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Cultural Humility Training in Mental Health Service Provision: A Scoping Review of the Foundational and Conceptual Literature.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Role of Interactional Processes in Mental Health Disparities: A Narrative Review of Existing Research and Recommendations for Providers.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2025Review
- Procedural Fairness in Physician-Patient Communication: A Predictor of Health Outcomes in a Cohort of Adults with Overweight or Obesity.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough considered a key driver of racial disparities in healthcare, relatively little is known about the extent of interpersonal racism perpetrated by healthcare providers, nor is there a good understanding of how best to measure such racism.
objectivesThis paper reviews worldwide evidence (from 1995 onwards) for racism among healthcare providers; as well as comparing existing measurement approaches to emerging best practice, it focuses on the assessment of interpersonal racism, rather than internalized or systemic/institutional racism.
methodsThe following databases and electronic journal collections were searched for articles published between 1995 and 2012: Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts. Included studies were published empirical studies of any design measuring and/or reporting on healthcare provider racism in the English language. Data on study design and objectives; method of measurement, constructs measured, type of tool; study population and healthcare setting; country and language of study; and study outcomes were extracted from each study.
resultsThe 37 studies included in this review were almost solely conducted in the U.S. and with physicians. Statistically significant evidence of racist beliefs, emotions or practices among healthcare providers in relation to minority groups was evident in 26 of these studies. Although a number of measurement approaches were utilized, a limited range of constructs was assessed.
conclusionDespite burgeoning interest in racism as a contributor to racial disparities in healthcare, we still know little about the extent of healthcare provider racism or how best to measure it. Studies using more sophisticated approaches to assess healthcare provider racism are required to inform interventions aimed at reducing racial disparities in health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.