Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24002485›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2013

Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria.

Francis M Ngure, Jean H Humphrey, Mduduzi N N Mbuya, Florence Majo, Kuda Mutasa, Margaret Govha, Exevia Mazarura, Bernard Chasekwa, Andrew J Prendergast, Valerie Curtis and 2 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01824940 (Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Project), which is not on this map. Cited by 146 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
146citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01824940 nacompletednot on this map

Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Project

TypeinterventionalSponsorJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthRan2012 to 2017Enrolled5,280ConditionsGrowth, Stunting, Nutritional, AnemiaArmsStandard care, WASH, Infant and young child feeding, WASH and Nutrition
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

146 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Measurement in the study of human exposure to animal feces: A systematic review and audit.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023
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  16. Design of an Intervention to Minimize Ingestion of Fecal Microbes by Young Children in Rural Zimbabwe.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2015
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  17. Determinants of Anemia and Hemoglobin Concentration in Haitian School-Aged Children.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2015
    Trial
  18. Article
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  20. Antimicrobial-resistantmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article

86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Francis M NgureDivision of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns, Baltimore, Maryland; Zvitambo Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Centre for Pediatrics, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; The Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Jean H Humphrey
Mduduzi N N Mbuya
Florence Majo
Kuda Mutasa
Margaret Govha
Exevia Mazarura
Bernard Chasekwa
Andrew J Prendergast
Valerie Curtis
Kathyrn J Boor
Rebecca J Stoltzfus

Funding

Wellcome Trust 100714
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We conducted direct observation of 23 caregiver-infant pairs for 130 hours and recorded wash-related behaviors to identify pathways of fecal-oral transmission of bacteria among infants. In addition to testing fingers, food, and drinking water of infants, three infants actively ingested 11.3 ± 9.2 (mean ± SD) handfuls of soil and two ingested chicken feces 2 ± 1.4 times in 6 hours. Hand washing with soap was not common and drinking water was contaminated with Escherichia coli in half (12 of 22) of the households. A one-year-old infant ingesting 1 gram of chicken feces in a day and 20 grams of soil from a laundry area of the kitchen yard would consume 4,700,000-23,000,000 and 440-4,240 E. coli, respectively, from these sources. Besides standard wash and nutrition interventions, infants in low-income communities should be protected from exploratory ingestion of chicken feces, soil, and geophagia for optimal child health and growth.

Indexed as

AdultAnimalsChickensChild, PreschoolEnvironmental ExposureEnvironmental MicrobiologyFecesFemaleHumansHygieneInfantMaleRisk FactorsSoilSoil MicrobiologyYoung AdultSoil

Identifiers

PMID24002485
PMCPMC3795101

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.