ArticleBMC veterinary research2013
Design and descriptive epidemiology of the Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) project, a longitudinal calf cohort study in western Kenya.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Epidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys.Preventive veterinary medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Genomic and health characteristics of crossbred dairy cattle in central Uganda.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Genome-wide local ancestry and the functional consequences of admixture in African and European cattle populations.Heredity · 2025Article
- Development of a novel Haemabiome tool for the high-throughput analysis of haemopathogen species co-infections in African livestock.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- A high level estimation of the net economic benefits to small-scale livestock producers arising from animal health product distribution initiatives.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- A locus conferring tolerance to Theileria infection in African cattle.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
- Parasite co-infection: an ecological, molecular and experimental perspective.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Molecular prevalence and risk factors associated with tick-borne pathogens in cattle in western Kenya.BMC veterinary research · 2021Article
- A cross-sectional survey to establish Theileria parva prevalence and vector control at the wildlife-livestock interface, Northern Tanzania.Preventive veterinary medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Genetic Diversity and Signatures of Selection for Thermal Stress in Cattle and Other TwoFrontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Determinants of vitamin D status in Kenyan calves.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Reflections on IDEAL: What we have learnt from a unique calf cohort study.Preventive veterinary medicine · 2020Review
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms at heat shock protein 90 gene and their association with thermo-tolerance potential in selected indigenous Nigerian cattle.Tropical animal health and production · 2020Article
- Exploring fine-scale human and livestock movement in western Kenya.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2019Article
- Leveraging Available Resources and Stakeholder Involvement for Improved Productivity of African Livestock in the Era of Genomic Breeding.Frontiers in genetics · 2019Review
- Poor performance of the rapid test for human brucellosis in health facilities in Kenya.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
- Environmental predictors of bovine Eimeria infection in western Kenya.Tropical animal health and production · 2017Article
- Signatures of Selection for Environmental Adaptation and Zebu × Taurine Hybrid Fitness in East African Shorthorn Zebu.Frontiers in genetics · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is a widely recognised lack of baseline epidemiological data on the dynamics and impacts of infectious cattle diseases in east Africa. The Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) project is an epidemiological study of cattle health in western Kenya with the aim of providing baseline epidemiological data, investigating the impact of different infections on key responses such as growth, mortality and morbidity, the additive and/or multiplicative effects of co-infections, and the influence of management and genetic factors.A longitudinal cohort study of newborn calves was conducted in western Kenya between 2007-2009. Calves were randomly selected from all those reported in a 2 stage clustered sampling strategy. Calves were recruited between 3 and 7 days old. A team of veterinarians and animal health assistants carried out 5-weekly, clinical and postmortem visits. Blood and tissue samples were collected in association with all visits and screened using a range of laboratory based diagnostic methods for over 100 different pathogens or infectious exposures.
resultsThe study followed the 548 calves over the first 51 weeks of life or until death and when they were reported clinically ill. The cohort experienced a high all cause mortality rate of 16% with at least 13% of these due to infectious diseases. Only 307 (6%) of routine visits were classified as clinical episodes, with a further 216 reported by farmers. 54% of calves reached one year without a reported clinical episode. Mortality was mainly to east coast fever, haemonchosis, and heartwater. Over 50 pathogens were detected in this population with exposure to a further 6 viruses and bacteria.
conclusionThe IDEAL study has demonstrated that it is possible to mount population based longitudinal animal studies. The results quantify for the first time in an animal population the high diversity of pathogens a population may have to deal with and the levels of co-infections with key pathogens such as Theileria parva. This study highlights the need to develop new systems based approaches to study pathogens in their natural settings to understand the impacts of co-infections on clinical outcomes and to develop new evidence based interventions that are relevant.
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