ReviewIndian heart journal
Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease in low and middle income countries.
Review in Indian heart journal. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Randomized Controlled Trial of a Text-Based Smokeless Tobacco Cessation Intervention for Rural and Medically Underserved Communities.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Article
- Rural Pakistan's smokeless tobacco epidemic: a need for tailored interventions.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and predictors of chronic disease among rural and medically underserved populations using smokeless tobacco.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Non-cigarette Tobacco Use and Stroke Among West Africans: Evidence From the SIREN Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Burden of tobacco in Nepal: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2017.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Epidemiological Features of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia.JACC. Asia · 2021Review
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Social Development Index.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Article
- The impact of information about tobacco-related reproductive vs. general health risks on South Indian women's tobacco use decisions.Evolutionary human sciences · 2021Article
- Conveying hypertension message: An investigation into the language and content used in primary health clinics in South Africa.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2020Article
- Geographic and sociodemographic variation of cardiovascular disease risk in India: A cross-sectional study of 797,540 adults.PLoS medicine · 2018Article
- Assessment of concentration and toxicological (Cancer) risk of lead, cadmium and chromium in tobacco products commonly available in Bangladesh.Toxicology reports · 2018Article
- Nass use and associated factors among outpatients in northern Afghanistan: A cross-sectional study in Andkhoy City.Tobacco induced diseases · 2018Article
- Smoking Cessation Advisory Intervention in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) · 2017Article
- The Risk of Hypertension and Other Chronic Diseases: Comparing Smokeless Tobacco with Smoking.Frontiers in public health · 2017Article
- An examination of the effectiveness of health warning labels on smokeless tobacco products in four states in India: findings from the TCP India cohort survey.BMC public health · 2016Article
- Management standards for stable coronary artery disease in India.Indian heart journal · 2016Review
- Resveratrol and pterostilbene attenuated smokeless tobacco induced cardiovascular aberrations in estrogen deficient female rats.Toxicology research · 2016Article
- Determinants of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption and its Cessation among its Current Users in India.Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR · 2016Article
- Understanding implementation and feasibility of tobacco cessation in routine primary care in Nepal: a mixed methods study.Implementation science : IS · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Smoking is an important cardiovascular risk factor, however, use of smokeless tobacco has not been well studied. Smokeless tobacco use is high in countries of South and Southeast Asia, Africa and Northern Europe. Meta-analyses of prospective studies of smokeless tobacco users in Europe reported a relative risk for fatal coronary heart disease of 1.13 (confidence intervals 1.06-1.21) and fatal stroke of 1.40 (1.28-1.54) while in Asian countries it was 1.26 (1.12-1.40). Case-control studies reported significantly greater risk for acute coronary events in smokeless tobacco users (odds ratio 2.23, 1.41-3.52), which was lower than smokers (2.89, 2.11-3.96), and subjects who both chewed and smoked, had the greatest risk (4.09, 2.98-5.61). There is a greater prevalence of hypertension and metabolic syndrome in users of smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco use leads to accelerated atherothrombosis similar to smoking. There is an urgent need for public health and clinical interventions to reduce smokeless tobacco addiction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.