ArticlePloS one2013
Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- The exact mathematical form of the Pareto principle.Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften · 2026Article
- Long-Term Monitoring of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Waterfowl: Evidence from the Lake Baikal Basin (2018-2024).Viruses · 2026Article
- Prior pathogen exposure augments inter-individual heterogeneity in antibody levels and reinfection loads in a songbird-pathogen system.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Microbiome Comparison and Pathogen Identification for Three Migrating Passerines Captured During Spring Season in Jordan Using 16S rRNA Sequencing.Integrative and comparative biology · 2025Article
- Reinfection with a Bacterial Pathogen Augments Heterogeneity in Host Disease Responses.Research square · 2025Article
- Characterization of Ravn virus viral shedding dynamics in experimentally infected Egyptian rousette bats (Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Modeling natural coinfection in a bat reservoir shows modulation of Marburg virus shedding and spillover potential.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Transboundary determinants of avian zoonotic infectious diseases: challenges for strengthening research capacity and connecting surveillance networks.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Metagenomic Analysis of RNA Fraction Reveals the Diversity of Swine Oral Virome on South African Backyard Swine Farms in the uMgungundlovu District of KwaZulu-Natal Province.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Differential gene expression reveals host factors for viral shedding variation in mallards (The Journal of general virology · 2022Article
- Reservoir hosts experiencing food stress alter transmission dynamics for a zoonotic pathogen.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Performance of HIV detection in Zhejiang province in China: The Pareto principle at work.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2021Article
- The association between SAα2,3Gal occurrence frequency and avian influenza viral load in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teals (Spatula discors).BMC veterinary research · 2020Article
- Sialic acid on avian erythrocytes.Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology · 2019Article
- Enhancing genetic disease control by selecting for lower host infectivity and susceptibility.Heredity · 2019Article
- Can We Breed Cattle for Lower Bovine TB Infectivity?Frontiers in veterinary science · 2018Article
- Modelling filovirus maintenance in nature by experimental transmission of Marburg virus between Egyptian rousette bats.Nature communications · 2017Article
- Individual differences in boldness influence patterns of social interactions and the transmission of cuticular bacteria among group-mates.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2016Article
- Fungal infection intensity and zoospore output of Atelopus zeteki, a potential acute chytrid supershedder.PloS one · 2014Article
- Host gene expression is associated with viral shedding magnitude in blue-winged teals (Spatula discors) infected with low-path avian influenza virus.Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseasesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A major challenge in disease ecology is to understand the role of individual variation of infection load on disease transmission dynamics and how this influences the evolution of resistance or tolerance mechanisms. Such information will improve our capacity to understand, predict, and mitigate pathogen-associated disease in all organisms. In many host-pathogen systems, particularly macroparasites and sexually transmitted diseases, it has been found that approximately 20% of the population is responsible for approximately 80% of the transmission events. Although host contact rates can account for some of this pattern, pathogen transmission dynamics also depend upon host infectiousness, an area that has received relatively little attention. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of pathogen shedding rates of 24 host (avian) - pathogen (RNA-virus) studies, including 17 bird species and five important zoonotic viruses. We determined that viral count data followed the Weibull distribution, the mean Gini coefficient (an index of inequality) was 0.687 (0.036 SEM), and that 22.0% (0.90 SEM) of the birds shed 80% of the virus across all studies, suggesting an adherence of viral shedding counts to the Pareto Principle. The relative position of a bird in a distribution of viral counts was affected by factors extrinsic to the host, such as exposure to corticosterone and to a lesser extent reduced food availability, but not to intrinsic host factors including age, sex, and migratory status. These data provide a quantitative view of heterogeneous virus shedding in birds that may be used to better parameterize epidemiological models and understand transmission dynamics.
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