ReviewNucleic acids research2014
The other face of restriction: modification-dependent enzymes.
Review in Nucleic acids research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 188 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single Staphylococcus aureus SauUSI restriction enzyme motors fragment methylated DNA.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- DNA modifications of Durham Collection phages and promiscuity of GmrSD-family Type IV restriction enzyme BrxU.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Optimizing methods for virome analysis based on studies of a synthetic viral community.mSystems · 2026Article
- Biosynthesis of glycosylated 5-hydroxycytosine in the DNA of diverse viruses.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Eco-evolutionary dynamics of defense systems in mobile genetic elements: Cui bono?Research square · 2026Article
- Eco-evolutionary dynamics of defense systems in mobile genetic elements: Cui bono?bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Unlocking genome engineering inMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Recovery and microbial host assignment of mobile genetic elements in complex microbiomes: insights from a spiked gut sample.mSystems · 2026Article
- How to Unmask an Unknown: The Restriction-Modification SystemInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Type II Restriction of 2-Aminoadenosine (dZ)-Modified DNA and Production of dZ-Modified Plasmid inViruses · 2026Article
- Epigenetic regulation and antimicrobial resistance: functional roles of DNA methylation.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Biology of host-dependent restriction-modification in prokaryotes.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
- ssDNA phage FLiP resides in dsDNA form in resistant Flavobacterium host.Biology direct · 2025Article
- Developing High-Efficiency Electroporation Protocols for Hard-To-Transform Halomonas spp.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- UsingACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
- Optimizing methods for virome analysis based on studies of a synthetic viral community.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Lactococcal mobile genetic elements harbour a diverse phage defensome rich in restriction-modification systems.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Modified DNA substrate selectivity by GmrSD-family Type IV restriction enzyme BrxU.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- The extended mobility of plasmids.Nucleic acids research · 2025Review
- Review
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The 1952 observation of host-induced non-hereditary variation in bacteriophages by Salvador Luria and Mary Human led to the discovery in the 1960s of modifying enzymes that glucosylate hydroxymethylcytosine in T-even phages and of genes encoding corresponding host activities that restrict non-glucosylated phage DNA: rglA and rglB (restricts glucoseless phage). In the 1980's, appreciation of the biological scope of these activities was dramatically expanded with the demonstration that plant and animal DNA was also sensitive to restriction in cloning experiments. The rgl genes were renamed mcrA and mcrBC (modified cytosine restriction). The new class of modification-dependent restriction enzymes was named Type IV, as distinct from the familiar modification-blocked Types I-III. A third Escherichia coli enzyme, mrr (modified DNA rejection and restriction) recognizes both methylcytosine and methyladenine. In recent years, the universe of modification-dependent enzymes has expanded greatly. Technical advances allow use of Type IV enzymes to study epigenetic mechanisms in mammals and plants. Type IV enzymes recognize modified DNA with low sequence selectivity and have emerged many times independently during evolution. Here, we review biochemical and structural data on these proteins, the resurgent interest in Type IV enzymes as tools for epigenetic research and the evolutionary pressures on these systems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.