SynthesisJournal of autism and developmental disorders2014
Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 243 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
243 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 532 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analytic review of quantification methods for camouflaging behaviors in autistic and neurotypical individuals.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Is There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2025Pooled it
- Characteristics of restricted interests in girls with ASD compared to boys: a systematic review of the literature.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Memantine for autism spectrum disorder.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Pooled it
- rs-fMRI and machine learning for ASD diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Biopsychological correlates of repetitive and restricted behaviors in autism spectrum disorders.Brain and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Update of a Meta-analysis of Sensory Symptoms in ASD: A New Decade of Research.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2019Pooled it
- Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences in Social and Communication Function in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- McGurk Effect by Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2019Pooled it
- Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis.Molecular autism · 2018Pooled it
- The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in China: a comprehensive meta-analysis.International journal of biological sciences · 2018Pooled it
- Reduced dorsal CA1 activity limits retention of the temporal component of declarative memory in theeLife · 2026Article
- Item-Level Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder Measures: A MIMIC Model Analysis of ADOS-2 and ADI-R in a Referred Pediatric Sample.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Diametrically opposed sex-specific effects of autistic traits on risk-taking in poker.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- "Only Boys Can be Autistic": A Qualitative Exploration of Gender Stereotype and Socialization on the Diagnostic Journey.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- Are items from current self-report measures adequate for assessing autistic traits in women? Insights from a modified Delphi study with autistic women and professional experts.Molecular autism · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Predictors of Missed Appointments Within an Outpatient Behavioral Clinic for Autistic Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- A "Round, Bruising Sort of Pain": Autistic Girls' Social Camouflaging in Inclusive High School Settings.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Validation of the Updated (March 2025) Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised, with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) in Greek.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
183 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism is an extensively studied disorder in which the gender disparity in prevalence has received much attention. In contrast, only a few studies examine gender differences in symptomatology. This systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 peer reviewed original publications examines gender differences in the core triad of impairments in autism. Gender differences were transformed and concatenated using standardized mean differences, and analyses were stratified in five age categories (toddlerhood, preschool children, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood). Boys showed more repetitive and stereotyped behavior as from the age of six, but not below the age of six. Males and females did not differ in the domain of social behavior and communication. There is an underrepresentation of females with ASD an average to high intelligence. Females could present another autistic phenotype than males. As ASD is now defined according to the male phenotype this could imply that there is an ascertainment bias. More research is needed into the female phenotype of ASD with development of appropriate instruments to detect and ascertain them.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.