ReviewParasite (Paris, France)2013
Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review.
Review in Parasite (Paris, France), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 137 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
137 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 337 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anaplasma platys beyond canines: a systematic review of host range, phylogenetic relatedness, and knowledge gaps in Africa.Parasites & vectors · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of experimental evidence on microbial pathogen transmission by Stomoxys spp.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2026Pooled it
- Geographical distribution of potential mechanical vectors implicated in Surra transmission in Spain: an entomological perspective.Parasites & vectors · 2025Pooled it
- The global prevalence of parasites in non-biting flies as vectors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasites & vectors · 2023Pooled it
- A need for null models in understanding disease transmission: the example of Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer disease).FEMS microbiology reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Conspecific cueing or cooperative feeding?-Foraging stable flies are visually attracted to conspecific flies.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2026Article
- Article
- Field evaluation of Nzi and modified Nzi traps for sampling of Stomoxys calcitrans at dairy farms in Uruguay.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2026Article
- Predicting global distribution shifts of Tabanus taeniola under different climate change scenarios.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Trypanosome circulation in hematophagous flies in livestock-rearing areas of southern Benin: prevalence, species diversity, and associations with vertebrate hosts.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Landmark-based morphometrics with fewer landmarks: Some examples for medical entomology.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding lumpy skin disease in Northern Bangladesh.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Potential vectors of Trypanosoma evansi in the Canary Islands (Spain): diversity, abundance, and climatic and site-related factors.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- What are the vectors in European livestock farms? Case studies in Hungary and Spain.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated risk factors of Trypanosomosis in small ruminants of Abe Dongoro District, Western Ethiopia.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2026Article
- Understanding the Distribution of Muscidae Flies and Their Role as Vectors of Bacterial Pathogens in South Africa: A Review Using BOLD Barcoding Data.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Review
- Article
- Molecular Screening of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) for Vector-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens, South Moravia, Czech Republic.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- First molecular evidence of Bartonella spp. and hemoplasmas in cattle from Mozambique.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Geospatial Analysis of Tsetse Infestation and Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Busia County, Kenya.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
77 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. In livestock, their direct effects are disturbance, skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress, blood loss, and a global immunosuppressive effect. They also induce the gathering of animals for mutual protection; meanwhile they favor development of pathogens in the hosts and their transmission. Their indirect effect is the mechanical transmission of pathogens. In case of interrupted feeding, Stomoxys can re-start their blood meal on another host. When injecting saliva prior to blood-sucking, they can inoculate some infected blood remaining on their mouthparts. Beside this immediate transmission, it was observed that Stomoxys may keep some blood in their crop, which offers a friendly environment for pathogens that could be regurgitated during the next blood meal; thus a delayed transmission by Stomoxys seems possible. Such a mechanism has a considerable epidemiological impact since it allows inter-herd transmission of pathogens. Equine infectious anemia, African swine fever, West Nile, and Rift Valley viruses are known to be transmitted by Stomoxys, while others are suspected. Rickettsia (Anaplasma, Coxiella), other bacteria and parasites (Trypanosoma spp., Besnoitia spp.) are also transmitted by Stomoxys. Finally, Stomoxys was also found to act as an intermediate host of the helminth Habronema microstoma and may be involved in the transmission of some Onchocerca and Dirofilaria species. Being cosmopolite, Stomoxys calcitrans might have a worldwide and greater impact than previously thought on animal and human pathogen transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.