ReviewThe American journal of psychiatry2013
Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes.
Review in The American journal of psychiatry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 403 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
REStoring Mood After Early Life Trauma: the Effectiveness of Trauma-focused Therapy in Patients With Depression and Childhood Trauma
RESET-medication: Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Blockade As Diseasemodifying Treatment for Depression with Childhood Trauma
Assessing the Emotional and Physiological Response of Adults to Completing a Self-report Scale on Exposure to Childhood Maltreatment - Online Component
Who cites it
403 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global research landscape, knowledge structure, and emerging trends in adverse childhood experiences and personality disorders: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The relationship between childhood interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma and autobiographical memory: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Human rights violations are associated with forcibly displaced population's mental health-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Examining associations, moderators and mediators between childhood maltreatment, social functioning, and social cognition in psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Deconstructing pathways to resilience: A systematic review of associations between psychosocial mechanisms and transdiagnostic adult mental health outcomes in the context of adverse childhood experiences.Clinical psychology & psychotherapy · 2022Pooled it
- Network-based methods for psychometric data of eating disorders: A systematic review.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Posterior cingulate cortex downregulation training using fMRI neurofeedback in adolescents with early life adversity exposure: a randomized, single-blind trial.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Supports Healthy Eating Behavior in Child Welfare-Involved Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Adverse childhood experiences and psychiatric outcomes among women with schizophrenia and depression in Singapore.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Critical windows: timing of child maltreatment exposure and adult mental health.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Variation in early-life maltreatment effects on adolescent psychopathology due to contamination.Journal of traumatic stress · 2026Observational
- Neuropsychobiological transdiagnostic risk mechanisms for aggression in mental disorders across the life span.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Analysis of brain volumetry and functional connectivity during resting state in patients with borderline personality disorder.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Article
- Differential adolescent neurodevelopment of emotion processing across internalizing psychopathology and childhood adversity.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- The transdiagnostic network of childhood trauma, anxiety, and depression in college students: centrality of emotional neglect and the bridging function of emotional abuse.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology: The Mediating Roles of Mentalizing and Attachment Styles.Psychopathology · 2026Article
- Perpetrator types, severity, and cumulative trauma: a population-based study of childhood sexual abuse characteristics and lifelong health.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Article
- Association between childhood trauma and 26-week prognosis in adolescents with major depressive disorder: a cohort study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
343 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveChildhood maltreatment increases risk for psychopathology. For some highly prevalent disorders (major depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder) a substantial subset of individuals have a history of maltreatment and a substantial subset do not. The authors examined the evidence to assess whether those with a history of maltreatment represent a clinically and biologically distinct subtype.
methodThe authors reviewed the literature on maltreatment as a risk factor for these disorders and on the clinical differences between individuals with and without a history of maltreatment who share the same diagnoses. Neurobiological findings in maltreated individuals were reviewed and compared with findings reported for these disorders.
resultsMaltreated individuals with depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders have an earlier age at onset, greater symptom severity, more comorbidity, a greater risk for suicide, and poorer treatment response than nonmaltreated individuals with the same diagnoses. Imaging findings associated with these disorders, such as reduced hippocampal volume and amygdala hyperreactivity, are more consistently observed in maltreated individuals and may represent a maltreatment-related risk factor. Maltreated individuals also differ from others as a result of epigenetic modifications and genetic polymorphisms that interact with experience to increase risk for psychopathology.
conclusionsPhenotypic expression of psychopathology may be strongly influenced by exposure to maltreatment, leading to a constellation of ecophenotypes. While these ecophenotypes fit within conventional diagnostic boundaries, they likely represent distinct subtypes. Recognition of this distinction may be essential in determining the biological bases of these disorders. Treatment guidelines and algorithms may be enhanced if maltreated and nonmaltreated individuals with the same diagnostic labels are differentiated.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.