ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Definition of a third VLR gene in hagfish.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variable lymphocyte receptor F is generated via somatic diversification and expressed by lamprey T-like cells.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Thermostable lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor antibody for detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evolution of two distinct variable lymphocyte receptors in lampreys: VLRD and VLRE.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Seascape genomics reveals limited dispersal and suggests spatially varying selection among European populations of sea lamprey (Evolutionary applications · 2023Article
- On the relationship between extant innate immune receptors and the evolutionary origins of jawed vertebrate adaptive immunity.Immunogenetics · 2022Review
- Evolution of variable lymphocyte receptor B antibody loci in jawless vertebrates.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages.Cells · 2021Review
- The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system.Immunogenetics · 2021Review
- Passive Immunization with Recombinant Antibody VLRB-PirAVaccines · 2021Article
- Identification and Characterization of the Amphioxus Lck and Its Associated Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Dependent Inhibitory LRR Receptor.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Characterization of Hagfish (Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- AncientJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2019Article
- A tyrosine sulfation-dependent HLA-I modification identifies memory B cells and plasma cells.Science advances · 2018Article
- Globular-shaped variable lymphocyte receptors B antibody multimerized by a hydrophobic clustering in hagfish.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Expansions, diversification, and interindividual copy number variations of AID/APOBEC family cytidine deaminase genes in lampreys.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- Post-prandial physiology and intestinal morphology of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii).Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2018Article
- Biochemical Regulatory Features of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Remain Conserved from Lampreys to Humans.Molecular and cellular biology · 2017Article
- Emergence and Evolution of Secondary Lymphoid Organs.Annual review of cell and developmental biology · 2016Review
- Characterization of Lamprey BAFF-like Gene: Evolutionary Implications.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2016Article
- Structure and evolutionary history of a large family of NLR proteins in the zebrafish.Open biology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates (cyclostomes) have an alternative adaptive immune system in which lymphocytes somatically diversify their variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) through recombinatorial use of leucine-rich repeat cassettes during VLR gene assembly. Three types of these anticipatory receptors in lampreys (VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC) are expressed by separate lymphocyte lineages. However, only two VLR genes (VLRA and VLRB) have been found in hagfish. Here we have identified a third hagfish VLR, which undergoes somatic assembly to generate sufficient diversity to encode a large repertoire of anticipatory receptors. Sequence analysis, structural comparison, and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the unique hagfish VLR is the counterpart of lamprey VLRA and the previously identified hagfish "VLRA" is the lamprey VLRC counterpart. The demonstration of three orthologous VLR genes in both lampreys and hagfish suggests that this anticipatory receptor system evolved in a common ancestor of the two cyclostome lineages around 480 Mya.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.