Trial reportPloS one2013
Caffeine increases anaerobic work and restores cycling performance following a protocol designed to lower endogenous carbohydrate availability.
Trial report in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dose-Response Effect of Oral Caffeine Use on Aerobic Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Acute caffeine supplementation and cycling time-trial performance across different task durations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Pooled it
- A full-spectrum aqueous extract of black cardamom (Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Efficacy of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in multiple cycling time trials.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- The blood serum metabolome profile after different phases of a 4-km cycling time trial: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.European journal of sport science · 2024Trial
- Caffeine intake enhances peak oxygen uptake and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
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- Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance performance in mentally fatigued individuals.European journal of applied physiology · 2016Trial
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- The Effect of Specific Treadmill Protocol on Aerobic Performance Parameters in Flat-Terrain-Trained Athletes.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Estimate Anaerobic Work Capacity and Critical Power with Constant-Power All-Out Test.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Article
- Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
- Mental fatigue does not alter performance or neuromuscular fatigue development during self-paced exercise in recreationally trained cyclists.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Article
- Dietary Manipulations Concurrent to Endurance Training.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2018Review
- GEDAE-LaB: A Free Software to Calculate the Energy System Contributions during Exercise.PloS one · 2016Article
- Energy system contribution in a maximal incremental test: correlations with pacing and overall performance in a 10-km running trial.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2015Article
- Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose this study was to examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on performance and energy expenditure (anaerobic and aerobic contribution) during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT) performed after a carbohydrate (CHO) availability-lowering exercise protocol. After preliminary and familiarization trials, seven amateur cyclists performed three 4-km cycling TT in a double-blind, randomized and crossover design. The trials were performed either after no previous exercise (CON), or after a CHO availability-lowering exercise protocol (DEP) performed in the previous evening, followed by either placebo (DEP-PLA) or 5 mg.kg(-1) of caffeine intake (DEP-CAF) 1 hour before the trial. Performance was reduced (-2.1%) in DEP-PLA vs CON (421.0±12.3 vs 412.4±9.7 s). However, performance was restored in DEP-CAF (404.6±17.1 s) compared with DEP-PLA, while no differences were found between DEP-CAF and CON. The anaerobic contribution was increased in DEP-CAF compared with both DEP-PLA and CON (67.4±14.91, 47. 3±14.6 and 55.3±14.0 W, respectively), and this was more pronounced in the first 3 km of the trial. Similarly, total anaerobic work was higher in DEP-CAF than in the other conditions. The integrated electromyographic activity, plasma lactate concentration, oxygen uptake, aerobic contribution and total aerobic work were not different between the conditions. The reduction in performance associated with low CHO availability is reversed with caffeine ingestion due to a higher anaerobic contribution, suggesting that caffeine could access an anaerobic "reserve" that is not used under normal conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.