ArticleGastroenterology2013
Atg16l1 is required for autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and protection of mice from Salmonella infection.
Article in Gastroenterology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 153 papers.
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Who cites it
153 citing papers in PubMed, 230 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autophagy modulation in cancer.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- The Interplay Between Autophagy and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Infectious, inflammatory, and clinical outcomes among patients prescribed trifluoperazine or amoxapine: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
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- ATG16L1 restrains macrophage NLRP3 activation and alveolar epithelial cell injury during septic lung injury.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Article
- Development of an FKBP12-recruiting chemical-induced proximity DNA-encoded library and its application to discover an autophagy potentiator.Cell chemical biology · 2025Article
- Guts for Self-Eating: Role of Autophagy in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease.Gastro hep advances · 2025Review
- Phenothiazines enhance antibacterial activity of macrophage by inducing ROS and autophagy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Commensal microbiome and gastrointestinal mucosal immunity: Harmony and conflict with our closest neighbor.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Review
- BECLIN1 is essential for intestinal homeostasis involving autophagy-independent mechanisms through its function in endocytic trafficking.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Roles of airway and intestinal epithelia in responding to pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Mitochondrial Stress Links Environmental Triggers with Pro-Inflammatory Signaling in Crohn's Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Intestinal changes in permeability, tight junction and mucin synthesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.International journal of molecular medicine · 2023Article
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- Bacteria-instructed B cells cross-prime naïve CD8EMBO reports · 2023Article
- Deficiency in Galectin-3, -8, and -9 impairs immunity to chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but not acute infection with multiple intracellular pathogens.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Transcriptomic analysis of pathways associated with ITGAV/alpha(v) integrin-dependent autophagy in human B cells.Autophagy · 2023Article
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- Survival of intracellular pathogens in response to mTORC1- or TRPML1-TFEB-induced xenophagy.Autophagy reports · 2023Article
93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsIntestinal epithelial cells aid in mucosal defense by providing a physical barrier against entry of pathogenic bacteria and secreting antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Autophagy is an important component of immune homeostasis. However, little is known about its role in specific cell types during bacterial infection in vivo. We investigated the role of autophagy in the response of intestinal epithelial and antigen-presenting cells to Salmonella infection in mice.
methodsWe generated mice deficient in Atg16l1 in epithelial cells (Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre) or CD11c(+) cells (Atg16l1(f/f) × CD11c-cre); these mice were used to assess cell type-specific antibacterial autophagy. All responses were compared with Atg16l1(f/f) mice (controls). Mice were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium; cecum and small-intestine tissues were collected for immunofluorescence, histology, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of cytokines and AMPs. Modulators of autophagy were screened to evaluate their effects on antibacterial responses in human epithelial cells.
resultsAutophagy was induced in small intestine and cecum after infection with S typhimurium, and required Atg16l1. S typhimurium colocalized with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (Map1lc3b or LC3) in the intestinal epithelium of control mice but not in Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre mice. Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre mice also had fewer Paneth cells and abnormal granule morphology, leading to reduced expression of AMPs. Consistent with these defective immune responses, Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre mice had increased inflammation and systemic translocation of bacteria compared with control mice. In contrast, we observed few differences between Atg16l1(f/f) × CD11c-cre and control mice. Trifluoperazine promoted autophagy and bacterial clearance in HeLa cells; these effects were reduced upon knockdown of ATG16L1.
conclusionsAtg16l1 regulates autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and is required for bacterial clearance. It also is required to prevent systemic infection of mice with enteric bacteria.
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