ArticleSurgery2013
Irreversible electroporation facilitates gene transfer of a GM-CSF plasmid with a local and systemic response.
Article in Surgery, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Electroporation in lipid vesicles by varying PEG-grafted lipids in their membranes: an experimental and simulation study.RSC advances · 2025Article
- Combining energy-based focal ablation and immune checkpoint inhibitors: preclinical research and clinical trials.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Percutaneous Ablation of Hepatic Tumors at the Hepatocaval Confluence Using Irreversible Electroporation: A Preliminary Study.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2022Article
- Effect of pulsed field ablation on solid tumor cells and microenvironment.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Irreversible electroporation augments checkpoint immunotherapy in prostate cancer and promotes tumor antigen-specific tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Combination of Ablation and Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Where We Are and Where to Go.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Time-Dependent Impact of Irreversible Electroporation on Pathology and Ablation Size in the Porcine Liver: A 24-Hour Experimental Study.Technology in cancer research & treatment · 2019Article
- Irreversible Electroporation in Liver Cancers and Whole Organ Engineering.Journal of clinical medicine · 2018Review
- Irreversible electroporation-mediated shRNA knockdown of the HPV18 E6 gene suppresses cervical cancer growthOncology letters · 2017Article
- Irreversible electroporation as treatment of locally advanced and as margin accentuation in borderline resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2017Article
- Safe and effective treatment of spontaneous neoplasms with interleukin 12 electro-chemo-gene therapy.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundElectroporation uses an electric field to induce pores in the cell membrane that can transfer macromolecules into target cells. Modulation of electrical parameters leads to irreversible electroporation (IRE), which is being developed for tissue ablation. We sought to evaluate whether the application of IRE may induce a lesser electric field in the periphery where reversible electroporation may occur, facilitating gene transfer of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plasmid to produce its biologic response.
methodsYorkshire pigs underwent laparotomy, and IRE of the liver was performed during hepatic arterial infusion of 1 or 7 mg of a naked human GM-CSF plasmid. The serum, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow were harvested for analysis.
resultsHuman GM-CSF level rose from undetectable to 131 pg/mL in the serum at 24 hours after IRE and plasmid infusion. The liver demonstrated an ablation zone surrounded by an immune infiltrate that had greater macrophage intensity than when treated with IRE or plasmid infusion alone. This dominance of macrophages was dose dependent. Distant effects of GM-CSF were found in the bone marrow, where proliferating myeloid cells increased from 14% to 25%.
conclusionIRE facilitated gene transfer of the GM-CSF plasmid and brought about a local and systemic biologic response. This technique holds potential for tumor eradication and immunotherapy of residual cancer.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.