ReviewMarine drugs2013
Evolution and distribution of saxitoxin biosynthesis in dinoflagellates.
Review in Marine drugs, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Algal bioactive compounds for next-generation biopesticides: a multi-target resource for sustainable pest management.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic insights into polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes in freshwater dinoflagellates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Temperature-Driven Intraspecific Diversity in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Profiles of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum and Intragenic Variation in the Saxitoxin Biosynthetic Gene, sxtA4.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- Marine-derived bioactive compounds for neuropathic pain: pharmacology and therapeutic potential.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Nanopore Sequencing of Amoebophrya Species Reveals Novel Collection of Bacteria Putatively Associated With Karlodinium veneficum.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Toxicological and Pharmacological Activities, and Potential Medical Applications, of Marine Algal Toxins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- Genomic copy number variability at the genus, species and population levels impacts in situ ecological analyses of dinoflagellates and harmful algal blooms.ISME communications · 2023Article
- Identification and genomic analysis of Pseudosulfitobacter koreense sp. nov. isolated from toxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum.Archives of microbiology · 2023Article
- The Potential of Allelochemicals from Microalgae for Biopesticides.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Domoic acid biosynthesis in the red algaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Toxicity of the Diatom GenusToxins · 2022Article
- Finding Species-Specific Extracellular Surface-Facing Proteomes in Toxic Dinoflagellates.Toxins · 2021Article
- Insights intoBiology · 2021Article
- Low Temperature and Cold Stress Significantly Increase Saxitoxins (STXs) and Expression of STX Biosynthesis GenesMarine drugs · 2021Article
- Biosynthesis of Saxitoxin in Marine Dinoflagellates: An Omics Perspective.Marine drugs · 2020Review
- Paralytic shellfish poisoning due to ingestion of contaminated mussels: A 2018 case report in Caparica (Portugal).Toxicon: X · 2019Article
- Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Numerous species of marine dinoflagellates synthesize the potent environmental neurotoxic alkaloid, saxitoxin, the agent of the human illness, paralytic shellfish poisoning. In addition, certain freshwater species of cyanobacteria also synthesize the same toxic compound, with the biosynthetic pathway and genes responsible being recently reported. Three theories have been postulated to explain the origin of saxitoxin in dinoflagellates: The production of saxitoxin by co-cultured bacteria rather than the dinoflagellates themselves, convergent evolution within both dinoflagellates and bacteria and horizontal gene transfer between dinoflagellates and bacteria. The discovery of cyanobacterial saxitoxin homologs in dinoflagellates has enabled us for the first time to evaluate these theories. Here, we review the distribution of saxitoxin within the dinoflagellates and our knowledge of its genetic basis to determine the likely evolutionary origins of this potent neurotoxin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.