ReviewJournal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology2014
A review of the toxicity of HIV medications.
Review in Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 176 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
176 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 349 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Mitochondrial changes associated with viral infectious diseases in the paediatric population.Reviews in medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Interventions to Improve Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Updated Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Budigalimab, an anti-PD-1 inhibitor, for people living with HIV-1: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1b study.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Effect of a WeChat-Based Hybrid Intervention on the Adaptation Outcomes of People Living With HIV/AIDS: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- HIV viral kinetics and T cell dynamics in antiretroviral naïve persons starting an integrase strand transfer inhibitor and protease inhibitor regimen.HIV clinical trials · 2017Trial
- TLD-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Compromises Ovarian Function and Reserve: Evidence from Experimental and Clinical Studies.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Mechanistic Evaluation of Chlorfenapyr-Induced Hepatotoxicity and the Mitigating Actions of Resveratrol-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Article
- When our treatment is complicated: an overview of drug-induced acid-base disorders: part 1-acidosis.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Nanobody-Based Bioconjugates as Potent and Broadly Active Inhibitors of HIV Entry.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2026Article
- Article
- Labor Market Outcomes of People with HIV Pre- and Post-Diagnosis in the Netherlands.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Anti-GPIIIa antibody and CD4 count identify an autoimmune-enriched phenotype of HIV-associated thrombocytopenia: development and internal validation of a clinical nomogram.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Risk factors for drug-related cachexia: an analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) from 2004 to 2025.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Plasma proteomic signatures in HIV-infected individuals post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The impact of the recent HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors-based regimens on metabolic health outcomes: A narrative review.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: current progress and future challenges.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Review
116 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has changed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a near-certainly fatal illness to one that can be managed chronically. More patients are taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for longer periods of time, which naturally results in more observed toxicity. Overdose with ARVs is not commonly reported. The most serious overdose outcomes have been reported in neonates who were inadvertently administered supratherapeutic doses of HIV prophylaxis medications. Typical ARV regimens include a "backbone" of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and a "base" of either a protease inhibitor (PI) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. New classes of drugs called entry inhibitors and integrase inhibitors have also emerged. Older NRTIs were associated with mitochondrial toxicity, but this is less common in the newer drugs, emtricitabine, lamivudine, and tenofovir. Mitochondrial toxicity results from NRTI inhibition of a mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Mitochondrial toxicity manifests as myopathy, neuropathy, hepatic failure, and lactic acidosis. Routine lactate assessment in asymptomatic patients is not indicated. Lactate concentration should be obtained in patients taking NRTIs who have fatigue, nausea, vomiting, or vague abdominal pain. Mitochondrial toxicity can be fatal and is treated by supportive care and discontinuing NRTIs. Metabolic cofactors like thiamine, carnitine, and riboflavin may be helpful in managing mitochondrial toxicity. Lipodystrophy describes changes in fat distribution and lipid metabolism that have been attributed to both PIs and NRTIs. Lipodystrophy consists of loss of fat around the face (lipoatrophy), increase in truncal fat, and hypertriglyceridemia. There is no specific treatment of lipodystrophy. Clinicians should be able to recognize effects of chronic toxicity of ARVs, especially mitochondrial toxicity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.