ArticleSaudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society2011
Thyroid-associated orbitopathy: Current insights into the pathophysiology, immunology and management.
Article in Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Medium-dose intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy for thyroid-associated orbitopathy.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Severe Ophthalmological Complications of Thyroid Disease are Rare in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria: Results of a Pilot Study.Ophthalmology and eye diseases · 2016Article
- Update in oculoplastic imaging.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society · 2012Article
- Thyroid associated orbitopathy: Understanding pathophysiology.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society · 2011Article
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3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Half the patients suffering from Graves' disease develop thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). The severity of TAO varies considerably with a mild form characterized by dry eyes and discomfort to the severe form with sight-threatening exposure keratopathy and optic neuropathy. The pathogenesis and immunologic mechanisms underlying Graves' disease and TAO is unknown, however, advances toward this understanding have indicated a prominent role of orbital fibroblasts, T cells and B cells. These advances have led to novel strategies for clinical treatment using immunomodulatory modalities. Initial results included use of infliximab and etanercept (anti-TNF agents), but currently there is an increasing interest in anti-B cell (Rituximab) therapy. Rituximab has shown promising results in progressive, sight-threatening TAO. It has also shown encouraging results in halting or slowing the disease process in patients unresponsive to corticosteroids. The primary advantage of these immunomodulatory agents is based upon targeting the molecular mediators of the disease and avoiding the potential side effects of non-specific therapies.
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